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Transcript
Cell Types What do you already know about cells? Cell Probe Is it Made of Cells? Make a T-chart in your NB and sort the list of objects or materials into two lists: made of cells and not made of cells. flowers rocks bone seeds paramecium hamburger blood atoms cell membrane apple skin bacteria milk lungs molecules chromosomes saliva mushrooms sand DNA leaf sugar water proteins chlorophyll calcium sunlight potato bugs Hooke and Leeuwenhoek The Cell Theory (1800’s) The Wacky History of the Cell Theory by Ted-ED 1. all living things are composed of cells 2. cells are the basic unit of life 3. all cells come from pre-existing cells Cell Differentiation Embryonic Stem Cells Eukaryotic cells, found in animals. In early development these cells have the potential to become any cell in the body. Currently stem cells can be harvested from embryos, cord blood, and now some adult cells can be induced to turn back the clock and become stem cells. Stem cell research may hold the answer to many questions about human health and disease. It can be controversial due to the harvesting of cells from human embryos. Organelles “little organ” carry out specific functions or “jobs” that allow cells to survive Can you think of some “organelle jobs?” Examples: Packaging Transporting Protection Waste removal Energy production Water storage Support 2 Types of Cells What do you notice? What are some differences between these cells? Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes - “pro” = before - “karyon” = nucleus NO nucleus NO organelles Small, less complex Circular DNA, floats in cytoplasm i.e. Bacteria - “eu” = true - “karyon” = nucleus Have nucleus Organelles Large, complex Linear DNA, in nucleus i.e. Plants & Animals Common Features of Cells: 1. Cell membrane 2. Cytoplasm 3. Cytoskeleton 4. Ribosome Cell Structure and Function Chart Cell Organelles © J Beauchemin 2006 Cell Chart Review •Organelles • • • “little organs” each one performs a specialized function that enables the cells to survive. found only inside eukaryotic cells Cell Organelles Organelle= “little organ” Found only inside eukaryotic cells All the stuff in between the organelles is cytosol Everything in a cell except the nucleus is cytoplasm Cell Membrane Boundary of the cell Made of a phospholipid bilayer Fluid-mosaic model of the cell membrane Proteins Nucleus Control center of the cell Contains DNA Surrounded by a double membrane Usually the easiest organelle to see under a microscope Usually one per cell Cytoskeleton Acts as skeleton and muscle Provides shape and structure Helps move organelles around the cell Made of three types of filaments Endoplasmic Reticulum A.k.a. “ER” Connected to nuclear membrane Highway of the cell Rough ER: studded with ribosomes; it makes proteins Smooth ER: no ribosomes; it makes lipids Ribosome Site of protein synthesis Found attached to rough ER or floating free in cytosol Produced in a part of the nucleus called the nucleolus Golgi Apparatus Looks like a stack of plates Stores, modifies and packages proteins Molecules transported to and from the Golgi by means of vesicles Lysosomes Garbage disposal of the cell Contain digestive enzymes that break down wastes Which organelles do lysosomes work with? Mitochondria “Powerhouse of the cell” Cellular respiration occurs here to release energy for the cell to use Bound by a double membrane Has its own strand of DNA Chloroplast Found only in plant cells Contains the green pigment chlorophyll Site of food (glucose) production Bound by a double membrane Cell Wall Found in plant and bacterial cells Rigid, protective barrier Located outside of the cell membrane Made of cellulose (fiber) Vacuoles Large central vacuole usually in plant cells Many smaller vacuoles in animal cells Storage container for water, food, enzymes, wastes, pigments, etc. What type of microscope may have been used to take this picture? Paramecium – Contractile Vacuole pump out excess water that diffuses into the cell Centriole Aids in cell division Usually found only in animal cells Made of microtubules Where else have we talked about microtubules? Cilia and Flagella Cilia: short, hair,like extensions Flagella: long, tail-like extensions Both aid in movement Cilia in our Bodies Quick Review Which organelle is the control center of the cell? Nucleus Which organelle holds the cell together? Cell membrane Which organelles are not found in animal cells? Cell wall, central vacuole, chloroplasts Which organelle helps plant cells make food? Chloroplasts What does E.R. stand for? Endoplasmic reticulum