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Cell Types
What do you already know about cells?
Cell Probe
Is it Made
of Cells?
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Make a T-chart in your NB and sort the list
of objects or materials into two lists: made
of cells and not made of cells.
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flowers
rocks
bone
seeds
paramecium
hamburger
blood
atoms
cell membrane
apple skin
bacteria
milk
lungs
molecules
chromosomes
saliva
mushrooms
sand
DNA
leaf
sugar
water
proteins
chlorophyll
calcium
sunlight
potato bugs
Hooke and Leeuwenhoek
The Cell Theory (1800’s)
 The Wacky History of the
Cell Theory by Ted-ED
1. all living things are
composed of cells
2. cells are the basic
unit of life
3. all cells come from
pre-existing cells
Cell Differentiation
Embryonic Stem Cells
 Eukaryotic cells, found in animals.
 In early development these cells have the
potential to become any cell in the body.
 Currently stem cells can be harvested
from embryos, cord blood, and now some
adult cells can be induced to turn back
the clock and become stem cells.
 Stem cell research may hold the answer
to many questions about human health
and disease.
 It can be controversial due to the
harvesting of cells from human embryos.
Organelles “little organ”
 carry out specific
functions or “jobs” that
allow cells to survive
 Can you think of some
“organelle jobs?”
 Examples:
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Packaging
Transporting
Protection
Waste removal
Energy production
Water storage
Support
2 Types of Cells
 What do you
notice? What
are some
differences
between these
cells?
Prokaryotes
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vs. Eukaryotes
- “pro” = before
- “karyon” = nucleus
NO nucleus
NO organelles
Small, less complex
Circular DNA, floats in
cytoplasm
i.e. Bacteria
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- “eu” = true
- “karyon” = nucleus
Have nucleus
Organelles
Large, complex
Linear DNA, in nucleus
 i.e. Plants & Animals
Common Features of Cells:
 1. Cell membrane
 2. Cytoplasm
 3. Cytoskeleton
 4. Ribosome
Cell Structure and
Function Chart
Cell Organelles
© J Beauchemin 2006
Cell Chart
Review
•Organelles
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“little organs”
each one performs a specialized
function that enables the cells to
survive.
found only inside eukaryotic cells
Cell Organelles
Organelle= “little
organ”
Found only inside
eukaryotic cells
All the stuff in
between the
organelles is cytosol
Everything in a cell
except the nucleus is
cytoplasm
Cell Membrane
Boundary of the cell
Made of a phospholipid bilayer
Fluid-mosaic model of the
cell membrane
Proteins
Nucleus
Control center of the
cell
Contains DNA
Surrounded by a
double membrane
Usually the easiest
organelle to see
under a microscope
Usually one per cell
Cytoskeleton
Acts as skeleton and
muscle
Provides shape and
structure
Helps move
organelles around the
cell
Made of three types
of filaments
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
A.k.a. “ER”
Connected to nuclear
membrane
Highway of the cell
Rough ER: studded
with ribosomes; it
makes proteins
Smooth ER: no
ribosomes; it makes
lipids
Ribosome
Site of protein
synthesis
Found attached to
rough ER or floating
free in cytosol
Produced in a part of
the nucleus called the
nucleolus
Golgi Apparatus
Looks like a stack of
plates
Stores, modifies and
packages proteins
Molecules transported
to and from the Golgi
by means of vesicles
Lysosomes
Garbage disposal
of the cell
Contain digestive
enzymes that
break down
wastes
Which organelles do
lysosomes work with?
Mitochondria
“Powerhouse of the
cell”
Cellular respiration
occurs here to
release energy for the
cell to use
Bound by a double
membrane
Has its own strand of
DNA
Chloroplast
Found only in plant
cells
Contains the green
pigment chlorophyll
Site of food (glucose)
production
Bound by a double
membrane
Cell Wall
Found in plant and
bacterial cells
Rigid, protective
barrier
Located outside of the
cell membrane
Made of cellulose
(fiber)
Vacuoles
Large central vacuole
usually in plant cells
Many smaller
vacuoles in animal
cells
Storage container for
water, food, enzymes,
wastes, pigments,
etc.
What type of microscope may have
been used to take this picture?
Paramecium – Contractile Vacuole
pump out excess water that diffuses into the
cell
Centriole
Aids in cell division
Usually found only in
animal cells
Made of microtubules
Where else have we talked
about microtubules?
Cilia and Flagella
Cilia: short, hair,like
extensions
Flagella: long, tail-like
extensions
Both aid in movement
Cilia in our Bodies
Quick Review
Which organelle is the control center of the cell?
Nucleus
Which organelle holds the cell together?
Cell membrane
Which organelles are not found in animal cells?
Cell wall, central vacuole, chloroplasts
Which organelle helps plant cells make food?
Chloroplasts
What does E.R. stand for?
Endoplasmic reticulum