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Psychology Other Senses and Perception Other Senses I. Gustation II. Olfaction III. Somesthesis Gustation (taste) Taste cells are chemical- sensitive receptors located in the taste bud clusters. Five Basic Taste Qualities Sweetness Saltiness Sourness Bitterness Umami- glutamates Types of Tasters I. Non-tasters: people who are unable to taste the chemical propylthioyracil, a bitter compound. Types of Tasters II. Medium Tasters: people with an average number of taste buds; they taste the bitter PROP at an average of medium level. Types of Tasters Supertasters: people who are extremely sensitive to some tastes, have a high number of taste buds, and are highly sensitive to PROP. II. Olfaction (smell) Olfactory epithelium: thin membrane found in the upper nasal cavity. Olfaction (smell) Olfactory cells carry information to the olfactory bulb. Olfactory bulb: activates the prefrontal cortex Olfaction (smell) Odors and scents stimulate the olfactory epithelium Pheromones: same-species odors, used as a form of chemical communication. Olfaction (smell) Anosmia: the loss of lack of sense of smell. III. Somesthesis Somesthesis: refers to the mechanical senses, including kinesthesis, vestibular sensation, and the skin senses. Somesthesis Kinesthesis: communicates information about movement and location of body parts. Receptors are found in joints and ligaments. Somesthesis Vestibular Sense: Also called the equilibratory sense Concerned with the sense of balance and knowledge of body position. Skin Senses Cold, Warmth, Pressure, and Pain. Pain Pain: the experience evoked by a harmful stimulus; directs our attention toward a danger and holds our attention. Gate Control Theory of Pain The brain can only focus on one pain stimulus at a time. Psychology Perception Perception I. Attentional Processes II. Perceptual Abilities III. Perceptual Illusions Attentional Processes Attention: a process in which consciousness is focused on particular stimuli. Attentional Processes Selective Attention: ability to focus on one stimulus while excluding other stimuli that are present. Divided Attention: ability to respond to more than one stimulus. Perceptual Abilities Perceptual Organization: processes that group smaller units of the perceptual world into larger units. Perceptual Abilities Gestalt: the whole experience is greater than the sum of its individual parts. Perceptual Abilities Figure-ground perception: tendency to organize the visual field into objects (figures) that stand apart from the surroundings (ground). Perceptual Abilities Gestalt principles: the world is organized around best forms – some which are defined geometrically, such as a circle or square. Perceptual Abilities Law of Pragnanz A. also called the law of simplicity. B. tendency to see things in the simplest form. Perceptual Abilities Closure: filling in missing information from the perceptual array by closing in gaps. Perceptual Abilities Laws of grouping: A. similarity: grouping things on the basis of how similar they are. B. proximity: grouping things on the basis of how near they are. Perceptual Abilities Perceptual Constancy: Shape Constancy: perceived shape of an object remains constant despite changes in the shape of the retinal image of that object. Perceptual Abilities Perceptual Constancy: Size Constancy: Perceived size of an object remains constant despite changes in the size of the retinal image of that object. Perceptual Abilities Depth Perception: Binocular Cues: depth cues provided by both eyes. Monocular Cues: depth cues provided by one eye. Perceptual Abilities Motion Parallax: near objects are seen as moving more rapidly than far objects when the viewer’s head is moving. Perceptual Abilities Texture Gradient: when the texture of a surface receding in the distant changes in clarity, blurring at further distances. Perceptual Abilities Linear Perspective: produced by apparent converging of parallel lines in the distance. Perceptual Abilities Interposition: one item blocks the view of items in the back of it. Perceptual Abilities Relative Height: Objects higher in the perceptual field are farther away. Light and Shadow: lighter objects appear closer. Perceptual Abilities Occulomotor Cue: depth cue based on our ability to sense the tension in our eye muscles and the position of our eyes. III. Perceptual Illusions Demonstrate how easy it is to misinterpret sensory input. Types: Muller-Lyer illusion, the Ames room. Based on Gestalt principles.