Download DNA Technology and its Applications

DNA Technology and its
Applications
Objective
▪ AKS 9. Analyze how biological traits are
passed on to successive generations
▪ 9g. Examine the use of DNA technology in
forensics, medicine and agriculture
We are going to study the following
DNA technologies and their real-world
applications:
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
DNA extraction
Recombinant DNA
Gel Electrophoresis
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Gene Sequence Analysis
Cloning
Gene Therapy
DNA EXTRACTION
How is DNA extracted from living
things?
▪ In class, we extracted DNA from a
banana. Scientists and researchers use
more elaborate techniques when
extracting DNA
▪ Click on the following link to extract DNA
from a human
▪http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/labs/extraction/
Recombinant DNA
& Transgenic Organisms
What is recombinant DNA?
▪ Click on the following link to learn about
recombinant DNA:
▪ http://www.bioteach.ubc.ca/TeachingReso
urces/Applications/GMOpkgJKloseGLamp
ard2.swf
Practical applications of
recombinant DNA…
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
Recombinant Vaccines (ie. Hepatitis B)
Prevention and cure of sickle cell anemia
Prevention and cure of cystic fibrosis
Production of clotting factors
Production of insulin
Production of recombinant pharmaceuticals
Germ line and somatic gene therapy
Another Major Application of
Recombinant DNA
Using the technology of recombinant DNA,
we are able to introduce specific genes
from one organism into another.
A transgenic organism is an organism that
has been genetically engineered to
contain 1 or more genes
Applications of Transgenic Organisms
▪ Transgenic Livestock
▪ Farm animals that are genetically altered to
synthesize marketable proteins.
▪ Mice that urinate human growth hormone (HGH)
▪ Goats that produce the malaria antigen for use in
vaccines
▪ Cows that produce a human protein in their milk
▪ Pigs that are genetically altered so their organs
can be transplanted into a human without rejection
Applications of Transgenic Organisms
▪ Transgenic Plants
▪ Plants that produce their own insecticides
▪ Crops that have increased drought and heat
resistance
Genetic Engineering
& GMO
Genetic Engineering is…
▪ The technique of removing, modifying, or
adding genes to a DNA molecule in order
to change the information it contains. By
changing this information, genetic
engineering changes the type or amount
of proteins an organism is capable of
producing, thus enabling it to make new
substances or perform new functions.
Genetically Modified Organisms
(GMO)
▪ Often, the label GMO and the term
"transgenic" are used to refer to organisms
that have acquired novel genes from other
organisms by laboratory "gene transfer"
methods.
News Worthy
▪ http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/science/gmfoods/
▪ http://www.science.org.au/nova/009/009print.htm
▪ http://www.science.org.au/policy/gene-tech.htm
▪ http://www.aaemonline.org/gmopost.html
▪ http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/gmf
ood.shtml
Gel Electrophoresis
What is Gel Electrophoresis?
▪ Click on the following link: DNA
Interactive to answer questions about gel
electrophoresis.
What are the practical applications
of gel electrophoresis?
▪ DNA fragments produced by the gel
electrophoresis can be used in other
technologies like PCR, cloning and DNA
sequencing
▪ Or, the DNA fragments can be used by
forensic scientists, conservation biologists,
taxonomists, evolutionary biologists, etc.
How is gel electrophoresis used by
scientists?
▪ Human DNA can be analyzed to
▪ Provide evidence in criminal cases
▪ Diagnose genetic diseases
▪ Solve paternity cases
▪ Samples of DNA can be obtained from tissue
and body fluid
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
Cheek cells
Skin
Hair
Blood
Semen
What are the practical applications
of gel electrophoresis?
▪ Conservation biologists use DNA to
determine genetic similarity among
populations and individuals
▪ Taxonomists use DNA to help distinguish
species
▪ Evolutionary biologists use DNA profiles to
compare similarities and differences to
construct family trees
PCR
What is PCR?
▪ Click on the following link to learn about
Polymerase Chain Reactions, make sure
you scroll down to see the information…
▪ www.dnalc.org/ddnalc/resources/pcr.html
What are the practical applications of
PCR?
▪ PCR creates high amounts of pure DNA,
enabling analysis of DNA samples even
from very small amounts of starting
material to be used in other DNA
technologies.
DNA/Gene Sequencing
What is Gene Sequence Analysis?
▪ Click on the following link to learn about
gene sequencing:
http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Gen
ome/faq/seqfacts.shtml
Applications of DNA Sequencing
▪ Click on the following article review:
▪ http://www.brighthub.com/health/technology/a
rticles/7413.aspx
▪ DNA Fingerprinting
▪ http://protist.biology.washington.edu/fingerprin
t/dnaintro.html
▪ If you have time, solve a crime:
▪ http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sheppard/anal
yze.html
Cloning
What is cloning?
▪ Click on the following link to learn about
cloning:
▪ http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/whatiscl
oning/
What are the practical applications of
cloning?
▪ Click on the following link to look at the
practical applications of cloning:
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/
whyclone/
Gene Therapy
What is Gene Therapy?
▪ Click on the following link to learn about
gene therapy
▪ http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Hum
an_Genome/medicine/genetherapy.shtml
What are the practical applications of
gene therapy?
▪ potential to eliminate and prevent hereditary diseases such as
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
Cystic fibrosis
hemophilia
heart disease,
AIDS
cancer
**There's a fair amount of risk involved in trials of this kind of therapy, and to
date, only children who are seriously ill or have illnesses incurable by
conventional means have been involved in clinical trials using gene therapy.
Current Events: Connecting DNA
Technology to the Real World
▪ Back to our original objective…
“How is DNA technology used in forensics,
medicine and agriculture?”
You need to find a current event/article that
relates to at least one aspect of this
question. Use the directions on the next
slide to help you find an article.
Finding an article…
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
Open up the internet explorer
Click on Media Resources
Click on Research Databases
Click on Science (on the left side)
Click on Consumer Health Complete
Use the advanced search to look for
current event articles related to DNA
technologies
Other Links
▪ Cloned Meat-FDA
▪ http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
6692091
http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/content
/mar2008/db2008033_119633.htm
Is Cloned Meat Safe to Eat?
http://www.newsweek.com/id/95962
DNA & Forensics
http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genom
e/elsi/forensics.shtml