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CH 5. The Eukaryote Cell Cell membrane Nucleus Cytoplasm Organelles: specialized subunits within a cell that have a specific function. Individual organelles are usually separately enclosed within their own lipid bilayers. Nucleus: “nut”. First seen in 1858. Contains DNA. Information center of the cell. Nuclear envelope: a double layer with pores that let molecules in and out pores Nucleus nucleolus Nuclear envelope: a double layer with pores Nucleolus: • small region in nucleus. • Made up of RNA and proteins • This is where ribosomes are made • Chromatin - is a complex of DNA, RNA, and proteins that forms chromosomes (packaged and folded DNA) Organelles in the Cytoplasm Mitochondria • Convert chemical energy stored in foods into useful forms, AKA respiration. • Double membrane • Have their own DNA, which is circular • Thought to be ancient bacteria that coevolved into a symbiotic (beneficial to both) relationship with cells Organelles in the Cytoplasm Chloroplast • Trap sunlight energy and convert it into chemical energy (photosynthesis) • Similar structure as mitochondria • Have their own DNA Ribosomes: • Where proteins are assembled • Made of two RNA subunits and proteins • Smallest of organelles (25 nm; 25 billionths of a meter) • Dr. Shufran’s dissertation was on Ribosomal DNA The tiny dots are ribosomes Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): • Complex network of sacs • Transport materials through the inside of the cell • Two types • Smooth ER-smooth inside. Do not have particles or granules. Store enzymes. • Rough ER – rough inside. Dotted with MANY ribosomes. Where proteins are made and modified, exported and released. Golgi apparatus (body): sac like • Where proteins are modified, collected, packaged and distributed. Lysosomes: only in animal cells. Not in plant cells • Form pockets around foreign materials and digest them • Engulf microscopic particles (Endocytosis) • Breakdown old organelles with enzymes • Garbage cleaners of the cell Vacuole: Sac-like structure that is used for storage. • Water • Salts • Proteins • Carbohydrates Plastid: in plants. Many forms. • Chloroplast • Leukoplast – starches • Chromoplast – pigments Cytoskeleton: the cytoplasm is not simply like water or goo, as once thought when I took high school biology. It is made up of filaments that give it a framework. • Microtubules • Microfilaments Sunfish, Leopomis spp. Green sunfish Bluegill