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How Cells Release Stored Energy Chapter 7 “Killer” Bees- Aggressive descendents of African honeybees that were imported to Brazil in the 1950s – Africanized bee’s muscle cells have enlarged __________________ ATP Is ____________ Energy Source •Photosynthesizers get energy from the ___ •Animals get energy second- or third-hand from ____ or other ____________ •Regardless, the energy is converted to the chemical bond energy of ____ Making ATP • All organisms- breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and protein – Plants only - during photosynthesis Two pathways Aerobic Anaerobic O2 required? ___ ___ Process __________ _________ _________ Location _________, ____________ __________ Aerobic Respiration C6H1206 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H20 ________ ______ ______ ______ ________ Glucose (C6H12O6) a simple sugar 2 Pyruvate (three carbons) 6CO2 Aerobic Respiration 2 ADP 2 ____ 2 ADP Glucose 1. ________ 2 Pyruvate 2 NAD+ 3. _______ ________ 6 ADP 2 ______ _______ 2 _____ 2. _______ 8 NAD+ 2 FAD+ 28 ADP 6 CO2 8 NADH 2 FADH2 _______ Add up total ATP generated : 2+2+6+28=____ Overview of Aerobic Respiration CYTOPLASM _________ glucose energy input to start reactions 1.GLYCOLYSIS ________ (In cytoplasm) e- + H MITOCHONDRION 2 NADH 8 NADH 2 pyruvate e- + H+ 2 CO2 e- + H+ 4 2. ____________ KREBS CO e- + H CYCLE (in mitochondrial matrix)2 + 2 FADH2 e- (2 ATP net) + 2 NADH ___________ ATP 2 ELECTRON 3. ______________ TRANSPORT PHOSPHORYLATION (In inner mitochondrial H water membrane) 32 ATP ATP + e- + oxygen TYPICAL ENERGY YIELD: 36 ATP End result: ATP is generated 1. Glycolysis Each of _____ steps in glycolysis is catalyzed by a specific _______. Divided into two phases: 1. an _____________ phase • 2 ATP used 2. an _____________ phase. • 4 ATP + 2 NADH produced Net yield in glycolysis = __ATP + __NADH The Role of Coenzymes • ____ and ______ accept electrons and hydrogen …then deliver them to the ______ _________ system 2. Krebs cycle 2 ADP Glucose 2 ATP ________ 2 NAD+ 2 ADP 2 Pyruvate 2 NADH 2 ATP ______ 8 NAD+ 2 FAD+ 6 CO2 8 NADH 2 FADH2 • If __________ is present, pyruvate enters the _____________ where enzymes of the Krebs cycle complete the _________ of the organic fuel to carbon dioxide. These are generated by ____________________________ 2 ADP Glucose 2 ATP 2 ADP 2 ATP 2 Pyruvate What is substrate level phosphorylation? •An ______ transfers a phosphate group from an organic molecule (the substrate) to ____, forming ____-. 6 CO2 Enzyme • The Krebs cycle consists of ____ steps. 2. Krebs cycle Named after Hans Kreb – 1930s • Each cycle produces • one ATP by _______________ _ ______________ • three _________ • and one _______ Fig. 9.11 • The conversion of pyruvate and the Krebs cycle produces large quantities of _____________. Note the Krebs cycle is never depleted of ______: 2 in, 2 out Fig. 9.12 2 carbon atoms enter 2 carbon atoms released as CO2 3. Electron transport Coenzymes deliver electrons to electron transport systems ___________ 2 NAD+ Electron transport 6 ADP ____________ ___________ 8 NAD+ 2 FAD+ __________ 28 ADP 8 NADH 2 FADH2 __________ Add up total ATP generated : 2+2+6+28=_____ Electron transport glucose GLYCOLYSIS pyruvate KREBS CYCLE ELECTRON TRANSPORT PHOSPHORYLATION Mitochondria in-text, p. 116 4 important facts: • Coenzymes deliver _________ to ET chain • H+ ions are delivered to ______ compartment • H+ _________ is created • ___ is final _____________ ET chain OUTER COMPARTMENT NADH Inner compartment H20 O2 Making ATP: __________________ Model • H+ ions going back to _______ compartment generates _______ ATP INNER COMPARTMENT ADP + Pi Overview of respiration 1 Pyruvate from cytoplasm enters inner mitochondrial compartment. OUTER COMPARTMENT NADH acetyl-CoA Krebs Cycle NADH NADH 3 NADH and FADH2 give up electrons and H+ to membranebound electron transport systems. ATP 2 Krebs cycle and preparatory steps: NAD+ and FADH2 accept electrons and hydrogen stripped ADP from the pyruvate. + Pi ATP forms. Carbon dioxide forms. INNER COMPARTMENT 4 As electrons move through the transport system, H+ is pumped to outer compartment. ATP ATP ATP 5 Oxygen accepts electrons, joins with H+ to form water. 6 Following its gradients, H+ flows back into inner compartment, through ATP synthases. The flow drives ATP formation. free oxygen Fig. 7.5b, p. 114 • How efficient is respiration in generating ATP? – Complete oxidation of glucose = ____ kcal/mole. – Formation of each ATP requires = _____ kcal/mole. – Efficiency of respiration is – __ kcal/mole x -_ ATP/glucose 686 kcal/mole glucose = __%. • The other approximately 60% is lost as ______. • Cellular respiration is remarkably ________ in energy conversion. ____________ enables some cells to produce ATP without the use of _________ • Glycolysis generates ______ whether oxygen is present (aerobic) or not (anaerobic). Problem- Fermentation (anaerobic catabolism) still requires NAD+ to accept electrons. Fig. 9.17a Ethanol Solution-In __________________, NAD+ comes from the conversion of pyruvate to ______________ • A second solution to the NAD+ problem: – ___________________________ • ( pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form ___________) – Muscle cells switch from ______ respiration to lactic acid f____________ to generate ATP when -____ is scarce. • The waste product, lactate causes muscle fatigue but ultimately it is converted back to pyruvate in the liver. Lactate A third solution to the NAD+ problem • Certain anaerobic bacteria solve NAD+ problem by using compounds from environment (such as nitrate), NOT oxygen • ATP yield is low Compare respiration and fermentation Similarities •Both use glycolysis to generate __________ •Both use NAD+ as an _________________. Type NAD+ regeneration Energy yield Respiration Fermentation Aerobic Anaerobic ___ Organic molecules ___ATP ___ ATP • At a cellular level, human ______ cells can behave as facultative anaerobes, but __________ cells cannot. •For facultative ________________, pyruvate is a fork in the metabolic road that leads to two alternative Ethanol or routes. lactate Fig. 9.18 7. How do other ________________ fit into glycolysis and the Kreb cycle?? Answer_________,___________ ___________________ can all enter the pathway. •_____ are degraded to amino acids, then deaminated (nitrogen secreted as urea, ammonia) •________ are broken down to glucose. •______ must be digested to glycerol and fatty acids. If glucose is the key to ATP production, then how do we store glucose?? Animals Answer- ___________ (in animals) _______ and _______ (in plants) • Glucose absorbed by blood • Pancreas releases insulin • Insulin stimulates glucose uptake by cells • Cells convert glucose to __________________ • This traps glucose in cytoplasm where it can be used for glycolysis • If ATP _____, glucose stored as _________ in muscle and liver Using Glycogen • When blood glucose low, pancreas releases _____________ • Glucagon stimulates liver cells to convert glycogen back to glucose and to release it to the blood • (Muscle cells do not _____________ their stored glycogen) Energy Reserves • Glycogen- ___% • Proteins- ___ % • Fat – ____% Linking photosynthesis and respiration sunlight energy PHOTOSYNTHESIS water + carbon dioxide sugar molecules oxygen AEROBIC RESPIRATION in-text, p. 122