Download Ch 27 bacteria intro..

Name ____________________________Per___
AP: CHAPTER 27: PROKARYOTES (Bacteria) p559, 561-564
1. How does the bacterial chromosome compare to a eukaryotic chromosome?
__________________________
_______________________________________________
__________________________
_______________________________________________
__________________________
_______________________________________________
2. What is a plasmid?
3. How fast can bacteria reproduce?
4. What is a bacterial colony?
5. Why might prokaryotic genetic diversity seem puzzling?
6. Describe how rapid reproduction, mutation, and genetic recombination (give a brief explanation of the
three forms) give rise to genetic diversity in prokaryotes.
__________________________
_______________________________________________
__________________________
_______________________________________________
__________________________
_______________________________________________
__________________________
_______________________________________________
__________________________
_______________________________________________
__________________________
_______________________________________________
7. What are R plasmids?
8. Why are R plasmids a concern to humans?
4. Briefly distinguish between the three mechanisms of transferring DNA from one bacterial cell to another.
________________________
________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
________________________
________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
5. What have scientists discovered stimulates E.coli to take up external DNA? _____________________
6. What is a plasmid?
bacterium? ________________________
How may plasmids be beneficial to a
________________________________
What are R plasmids?
Why are R plasmids a concern to humans?
AP: CHAPTER 18: MICROBIAL MODELS (Bacteria) p340-345
1.How does the bacterial chromosome compare to a eukarytotic chromosome?
2. How do variations arise in bacteria considering they reproduce mostly by asexual means?
3. What is a bacterial colony? (see reading on p 340 and Figure 18.12).
4. Briefly distinguish between the three mechanisms of transferring DNA from one bacterial cell to another.
5. What have scientists discovered stimulates E.coli to take up external DNA?
6. What is a plasmid?How may plasmids be beneficial to a bacterium?
What are R plasmids?
Why are R plasmids a concern to humans?
1.How does the bacterial chromosome compare to a eukarytotic chromosome?
Bacteria -One double stranded circular DNA molecule, 4.6 million nucleotides, 4,300 genes,
nucleoid –dense region of DNA not membrane bound –no nucleus, Plasmids –small rings of DNA
–few to several dozen genes.
Eukaryote –linear, lots of protein, 1000x more DNA than prok,
2. How do variations arise in bacteria considering they reproduce mostly by asexual means?
Divide fast –ever 20 min in favorable env
Prok divide by binary fission, asexual. Colony of genetically identical individuals. Some offspring
differ slightly due to mutation. 1/10 million are mutants.. =2,000 mutants per gene made each day
in human intestine. X 4.300 genes = 9 million mutants per day per human. Mutations are rare but
generation time is short and reproductive rates are high can have a significant impact on genetic
diversity. Bet equipped to deal with env survive and pass traits. In humans –mostly genetic
recombination = variation. Also seen in bacteria (major source of variation is mutations).
3. What is a bacterial colony? (see reading on p 340 and Figure 18.12).
Group of genetically identical individuals. From one parent cell.
4. Briefly distinguish between the three mechanisms of transferring DNA from one bacterial cell to another
Genetic recombination = genetic diversity, combine DNA from 2 different individuals into the
genome of one individual.
Transformation –uptake naked foreign DNA from env. Foreign allele incorporated into chromosome
Specialized proteins on surface of bacteria pick up DNA from surroundings. Recognized and take
up only DNA of close relatives. Not in all bacteria ie Ecoli. Ecoli placed in high concentration of Ca
++ stimulates cells to take up small pieces of DNA. Used in biotechnology –insulin and growth
hormone.
Transduction Conjugation 5. What have scientists discovered stimulates E.coli to take up external DNA? Calcium ions
6. What is a plasmid?How may plasmids be beneficial to a bacterium?
Plasmids = small circular self replicating DNA separate from bacterial chromosome. Usually
beneficial to bacterial cell. Small number of genes not required for normal conditions. Advantage in
stressful environment.
What are R plasmids? R plasmids. Antibiotic resistance genes are carried on plasmids and allow
bacteria to destroy antibiotics.
Why are R plasmids a concern to humans? Resistant strains of pathogen are becoming more common
Name ____________________________Per___
AP: CHAPTER 18: MICROBIAL MODELS (Bacteria) p340-345
1.How does the bacterial chromosome compare to a eukarytotic chromosome?
__________________________
_______________________________________________
2. How do variations arise in bacteria considering they reproduce mostly by asexual means?
__________________________
_______________________________________________
3. What is a bacterial colony? ___________________________________________
4. List the three natural processes of genetic recombination in bacteria. _____
_________________________________________________
5. Describe bacterial transformation.________ _______________________________________________
6. How does transduction differ from transformation?_______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
7. What is bacterial conjugation? ________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
8. What is a plasmid?
bacterium? ________________________
How may plasmids be beneficial to a
________________________________
AP: CHAPTER 20: DNA TECHNOLOGY p 375-3878
Name ____________________________Per___
1. What is recombinant DNA? ___________________________________________________________
2. Define genetic engineering. ___________________________________________________________
3. Define biotechnology.___ _______________________________________________________________
4. List some of the organisms we have been modifying for many hundreds of years.___________________
5. Why are bacteria ideal workhorses for biotechnology? ________________________________________
6. What other organisms are used in biotechnology?____________________________________________
7. How are bacterial plasmids used to clone genes? ___________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
8. What is the natural function of restriction enzymes in bacteria?_________________________________
9. How do bacteria protect their DNA from the effects of the restriction enzymes?___________________
10. What are restriction sites? ____________________________________________________________
How can restriction sites be identified? _____________________________________________________
How do biologists make use of restriction enzymes?___________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
11. What are sticky ends? _______________________________________________________________
12. What is the role of DNA ligase? ________________________________________________________
AP: CHAPTER 20: DNA TECHNOLOGY p 375-3878
Name ____________________________Per___
1. What is recombinant DNA? ___________________________________________________________
2. Define genetic engineering. ___________________________________________________________
3. Define biotechnology.___ _______________________________________________________________
4. List some of the organisms we have been modifying for many hundreds of years.___________________
5. Why are bacteria ideal workhorses for biotechnology? ________________________________________
6. What other organisms are used in biotechnology?____________________________________________
7. How are bacterial plasmids used to clone genes? ___________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
8. What is the natural function of restriction enzymes in bacteria?_________________________________
9. How do bacteria protect their DNA from the effects of the restriction enzymes?___________________
10. What are restriction sites? ____________________________________________________________
How can restriction sites be identified? _____________________________________________________
How do biologists make use of restriction enzymes?___________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
11. What are sticky ends? _______________________________________________________________
12. What is the role of DNA ligase? ________________________________________________________
AP: CHAPTER 20: DNA TECHNOLOGY p 375-3878
1. What is recombinant DNA?
Name ____________________________Per___
2. Define genetic engineering.
3. Define biotechnology
4. List some of the organisms we have been modifying for many hundreds of years.
5. Why are bacteria ideal workhorses for biotechnology?
6. What other organisms are used in biotechnology?
7. How are bacterial plasmids used to clone genes?
10. What is the natural function of restriction enzymes in bacteria?
11. How do bacteria protect their DNA from the effects of the restriction enzymes
12. What are restriction sites?
How can restriction sites be identified?
How do biologists make use of restriction enzymes
13. What are sticky ends?
14. What is the role of DNA ligase?
15. If the medium used in step 4a of FIGURE 20.3 did not contain ampicillin, what other colonies would
grow? What color would they be?
AP: CHAPTER 20: DNA TECHNOLOGY p 375-382
Name ____________________________Per___
1. What is recombinant DNA? _________________________________________
2. Define genetic engineering. ___________________________________________________________
3. Define biotechnology.___ _______________________________________________________________
4. List some of the organisms we have been modifying for many hundreds of years.___________________
5. Why are bacteria ideal workhorses for biotechnology? ________________________________________
6. What are other organisms are used in biotechnology?________________________________________
7. How does gene cloning differ from animal cloning?___________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
8. Why is DNA cloning considered an important technology?_____________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
9. What are plasmids?___________________________________________________________________
10. What is the function of restriction enzymes in bacteria?______________________________________
11. How do bacteria protect their DNA from the effects of the restriction enzymes?___________________
12. How do biologists make use of restriction enzymes?________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
13. What are sticky ends? _______________________________________________________________
14. What is the role of DNA ligase? ________________________________________________________
Ch 18 Transposons and Operons p344-351
Name___________________________Per___
1. What is an R plasmid?
2. Why are resistant strains of pathogens becoming more common?
3. What is a transposon?
4. When might a transposon be the cause of a mutation in a gene?
5. What is the relationship between transposons and R plasmids?
6. CHOICE: Accroding to the reading bacteria (never stop making tryptophan/ never make tryptophan/
make tryptophan only when needed).
7. Describe the two levels at which bacteria can control their metabolism.
8. How are the bacterial genes for synthesizing tryptophan ideally organized?
9. On the back of this handout or on a separate piece of paper, draw diagrams of both the trp
and the lac operon; Use numbered steps to explain what would happen in each of the
following situations: lactose present, lactose absent, tryptophan present, tryptophan absent
10. A certain mutation in E. coli changes the lac operator so that the active repressor cannot
bind. How would this affect the cell’s production of -galactosidase?
11. How does binding of the trp corepressor and the lac inducer to their respective repressor
proteins alter repressor function and transcription in each case?
1. Plasmids carry genes for antibiotic resistance
2. Use antibiotics kill antibiotic sensitive bacteria not resistant ones. Resistant ones left to multiply.
3. Transposable genetic element, piece of DNA that can move from one location to another in a cell’s
genome.
4. When it jumps into a gene.
5. Transposons jump resistance genes into plasmids
6. Make try only when needed
7. Vary then number of enzymes made (regulate the expression of genes) or adjust the activity of enzymes
already present
8. Clustered together with one promoter, one on off switch for functionally related genes
9.
10. The cell would continuously produce -galactosidase and the tow other enzymes for lactose utilizaion,
even in the absence of lactose, thus wasting cell resources
11. Binding by thr trp corepressor (tryptophan) activates the trp repressor, shutting off transcrption of the trp
operon; binding by the lac inducer (allolactose) inactivates the lac repressor, leading to transcription o f
the lac operon.