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Transcript
Name: __________________________________ Date: ____________ Period: ______ Cellular Transportation and Respiration Notes Moving Cellular Material Passive Transport: A cell membrane is _______________, which means that it allows only certain substances to ___________ or ________________ a cell. Passive transport is the movement of substances through a cell membrane without using the cell’s ___________________. 1. Diffusion Diffusion is the movement of substances from an area of _________________ concentration to an area of _______________ concentration. Usually _______________ continues through a membrane until the _______________ of a substance is the same on both sides of the membrane. 2. Osmosis – The Diffusion of Water Osmosis is the diffusion of _______________ molecules only through a cell membrane. If the concentration of water in the air surrounding a plant is less than the concentration of water inside the plant’s vacuoles, water will diffuse into the ___________________ until the concentration of water are equal. Facilitated diffusion allows molecules to pass through a cell membrane using __________________ proteins. Active Transport: Active transport uses the cell’s ______________ to move substances through a cell membrane. Active transport moves substance from areas of __________________ concentration to areas of _______________ concentration. A cell uses _________________ to take in a substance too big to pass through the cell membrane. A cell’s vesicles release their contents outside the cell during ______________. Cell Size and Transport For a cell to survive, its surface area must be large compared to its ________________. As a cell _________________, its volume increases faster than its surface area. Cells and Energy Cellular Respiration All _____________ things need energy to survive. _________________ ___________________ is the process in which organisms break down food to release _______________. The first step of cellular respiration, called glycolysis, occurs in the ______________ of all cells. During glycolysis ________________, a sugar, is broken into smaller molecules. The second step of cellular respiration occurs in the _______________ of eukaryotic cells. This step requires ___________________. During the second step of cellular respiration, the smaller molecules made during ___________ are broken down. Large amounts of usable energy, called __________________, are produced. __________________ and carbon dioxide (CO2) are two waste products that are given off during the second step of cellular respiration. Fermentation _______________________ is the process that releases energy without using oxygen. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells use fermentation to obtain energy from food when _________________ levels are low. Fermentation occurs in a cell’s ______________________. Lactic-acid fermentation converts __________________ into ATP and a waste product called lactic acid. Some types of bacteria and yeasts make ATP during ___________________ fermentation. The process produces _________________ and CO2. Photosynthesis Plants and some unicellular organisms obtain energy from ______________. Water, _____________ _____________ (CO2), and ___________________ are involved in photosynthesis. In plants, light energy is absorbed by ________________ such as chlorophyll. The chemical reactions of photosynthesis occur in _______________, the organelles in plant cells that convert light energy into food. Photosynthesis uses CO2 that is released during ________________ to make food energy and release __________________. When an organism eats plant material, it takes in ________________ energy. An organism’s cells use _________________ released during photosynthesis.