* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download reg bio dna tech part II 2013
Epigenetics of diabetes Type 2 wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression programming wikipedia , lookup
Gene nomenclature wikipedia , lookup
Cancer epigenetics wikipedia , lookup
DNA vaccination wikipedia , lookup
Biology and consumer behaviour wikipedia , lookup
Oncogenomics wikipedia , lookup
Minimal genome wikipedia , lookup
Epigenetics of neurodegenerative diseases wikipedia , lookup
Epigenetics of human development wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
Genome evolution wikipedia , lookup
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis wikipedia , lookup
Public health genomics wikipedia , lookup
Nutriepigenomics wikipedia , lookup
Gene therapy of the human retina wikipedia , lookup
Helitron (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression profiling wikipedia , lookup
Polycomb Group Proteins and Cancer wikipedia , lookup
Gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Therapeutic gene modulation wikipedia , lookup
Genome editing wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Site-specific recombinase technology wikipedia , lookup
Genome (book) wikipedia , lookup
Microevolution wikipedia , lookup
Genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Mapped the DNA sequence for all our chromosomes QUESTIONS THAT THIS PROJECT WILL SOME DAY ANSWER! How are genomes organized? How is gene expression controlled? Explain how cellular growth and differentiation are under genetic control? How does evolution occur? only 2% of genome code for proteins Genome is made up of 20,000 genes coding for proteins RNA is used in gene expression Human genes are spliced many ways to encode for different versions of proteins Use the gene discoveries to cure diseases such as cystic fibrosis, muscular dystrophy and colon cancer Medical treatment and therapies Bioinformatics -use of knowledge of biology and computer science and information technology -huge data base that stores, analyzes and integrates genetic info -compares genes in diff. organisms to find gene functions, “gene families” Study of an organism’s protein -structure, function, interactions - Use of gel electrophoresis that separates proteins so we can figure out which cells are diseased DNA samples from many genes are organized onto a microscope slide using a radioactive wash of mRNA This identifies active cancer genes ( glow) Treating a genetic disorder by introducing a gene into a cell or by correcting a gene defect in a cell’s genome Good for treating disorder resulting from deficiency of single enzyme or protein Obstacles for inserting genes safely and directly into eukaryotic chromosomes What is gene therapy? Introducing normal genes into cells to correct certain disorders Works best for disorders that result from the loss of a single protein or enzyme Hemophilia Cystic fibrosis How does it work? Isolate the functional gene Insert the healthy gene into a viral vector Introduce the recombinant virus into the patient The healthy copy of the gene will temporarily produce the missing protein What are some of the problems with gene therapy? Short-lived genes ~ requires multiple rounds of gene therapy Immune response ~ attacks viral particles Problems with viral particles recovering their ability to cause disease Not effective with multi-gene disorders Very expensive! 1) DNA cloning: recombinant DNA using plasmids Been around since 1970’s Uses: Insulin Production Human Growth Hormone Insect resistance in plants Bacteria to clean up oil spills A fermentor used to growrecombinant bacteria . generates an animal that has the same DNA as another existing animal -take DNA out of existing egg and replace with DNA from an adult cell 1952 – First animal cloned = Northern Leopard Frog Dolly & her surrogate mother (Born – 1996, Died – 2003) 5 genetically identical cloned pigs in 2000 Prometea - First cloned horse & her DONOR & surrogate mother (2005) Why Clone? Mass produce animals with special qualities that could help in the production & manufacturing of important medical drugs Pet replacement Repopulate endangered or extinct animals These goats contain the human gene for a clotdissolving protein that is produced in their milk. Expensive Inefficient (>90% attempts fail) $50,000 (cat) - $150,000 (dog) 276/277 failed with sheep 840/841 failed with horse (.12% success rate!) Cloned animals usually have weakened immune systems, more prone to infections use of embryos for research -harvest stem cells to be used in research to treat disease EX’s Modified goats to produce human blood clotting protein in milk Cloned organs from pigs like hearts, livers, and kidneys Production of human embryos for research NOT for cloning a human organism Stop growth after 6 days For stem cells that can be used to study development and treat disease Controversial – “Clump of cells” vs. “Human” More to come on Stem Cells…. Cells in the body that do not have a specific function until the right chemical signals are given to them All 220 types of cells arise from stem cells Divide without limit to repair other cells Totipotent-give rise to all the different types of cells (total potential) Pluripotent-give rise to all cells except for those needed to develop the fetus Multipotent-give of different cells rise to only a small number Early embryonic (8 cell stage) Blastocyst embryonic (7 day) Fetal Umbilical Adult IPS cord Totipotent Pluripotent Pluripotent Multipotent Multipotent Reverse chemical signals to get embryonic Umbilical cord- Valuable because very young and fewer mutations Used in blood, immune and bone disorders Adult Stem Cells Found in infants and children Found in all ready developed tissue Found in minute quantities May not multiply as well May contain DNA abnormalities Limb amputation Spinal cord injuries Burns Diabetes Heart disease Neurological disorders What if you cut off part of your thumb? How will personal genetic info be used? Make sure genetic engineering is safe and not misused Growing Human GEC that harm the environment embryo cloning in future (gene selection) Pharmaceutical products - insulin, growth hormone, interferon, phenylalanie (sweetners) Vaccines- contain viruses or bacteria that cannot cause disease (physical or chemical alteration), carry identifying protein (rare occasion can cause disease) Increasing Agriculture yields-genes transferred to produce enzymes that kill hornworms in tomatoes - make plants resistant to disease - make strawberries resistant to frost damage - wheat, cotton, soybeans resistant to herbicides - isolate, clone, transplant genes from N-fixing bacteria to grow plants in nitrogen poor soils (no fertilizer) Genetically Modified Foods (engineered) -could contain toxic proteins or substances causing allergies - - FDA requires evidence on this If food contains a new organic cpd., FDA requires approval before product introduced No labels needed if modified product is the same as nontransgenic crop Ex. Changed a gene for an enzyme to ripen tomatoes without becoming soft Genetically - Modified Crops could spread into wild and wipe out native species - Could spread to other species in neighboring areas (I.e.-rice and lawn grasses exchange genes in their pollen with native plants related to them) - Could cause “superweeds” that could take over large areas of land (hurt native plants)