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(18 pts.) 1. a. Compare the pathways for fatty acid synthesis and gluconeogenesis using the format shown below. Points of comparison rate-limiting step (write complete reactions) gluconeogenesis fatty acid synthesis __________________________________________________________________ location in the cell ___________________________________________________________________ endproduct (show structures) ___________________________________________________________________ substrate (show structures) ___________________________________________________________________ describe regulation (give enzymes and allosteric effectors, where known) ___________________________________________________________________ (5) 2. Describe the mechanism of action of steroid hormones such as testosterone or cortisone. (14) 3. Describe the similarities and differences of triglyceride and glycogen breakdown using the format below: glycogen degradation triglyceride degradation __________________________________________________________________ hormone action which triggers breakdown ___________________________________________________________________ production of second messenger __________________________________________________________________ action of protein kinase __________________________________________________________________ (13 pts.) 5. Discuss the cholesterol pathway under the following headings: a. Main function in the cell b. write the reaction for the rate-limiting step (no structures required) (3)c. describe the regulation of the rate-limiting step (1) d. substrate (2) e. endproduct (6) f. describe the molecular basis for the genetic defects in hypercholesterolemia and androgen insensitivity (10pt) 7. Complete the following statements which describe the regulation of several important metabolic pathways by writing the correct enzyme or enzymes into each blank. a. High [ATP] in the mitochondrion inhibits __________________________________ ______________________________ activities to slow the degradation of acetyl-CoA. b. High [citrate] stimulates ______________________ activity to promote synthesis of palmitic acid. c. High [NADH] in the mitochondria inhibits _______________________________ activities to decrease citrate formation. d. High [ATP] inhibits __________________________ activity to increase the concentration of the substrate for gluconeogenesis in the mitochondrion. e. High [citrate] in the cytoplasm inhibits ______________________ activity to promote gluconeogenesis. (9) 8. Write the letters (corresponding to functions ) in the spaces beside the molecules on the right. FUNCTION cellular molecule A membrane shuttle _____ carnitine B fat-soluble vitamin _____ glycogen C hormone receptor _____ rhodopsin D ETS component _____ tripalmitate E catalyst _____ ubiquinone F hormone _____ chlorophyll G energy storage _____ glucagon H. photoreceptor _____ citrate lyase ______ cholecalciferol (3) b. Write the reaction responsible for generating the reducing power for fatty acid synthesis. (6 pts.) 10. a. In the chart below, show the 3 essential links between carbohydrate metabolism and triglyceride synthesis and briefly describe the function each performs. molecule in carbohydrate skeleton molecule's function in lipid synthesis ________________________________________________________________ i. ________________________________________________________________ ii. _________________________________________________________________ iii. _________________________________________________________________ p. 5 NAME__________________ (10) 11. On the outline of the carbon skeleton of metabolism below, write the abbreviation for the missing key intermediate in each box. Add the key intermediates showing where each of the lipid synthesis pathways originate from the the carbon skeleton. (12) 6. Complete the following statements by filling in the name of the specific enzyme (from glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, TCA cycle, gluconeogenesis, or pentose shunt) in the space provided. e.g.high [cholesterol] inhibits HMG-CoA reductaseto slow steroid synthesis a.high [NADH] inhibits_______________________________to slow acetyl CoA formation. b.high [acetyl CoA] stimulates______________________to increase rate of gluconeogenesis c.high [f-1-P] inhibits________________________to prevent glycogen breakdown. d.high[acetyl CoA] inhibits__________________________________to slow pyruvate oxidations e. high [ATP] stimulates _______________________________to promote gluconeogenesis f. high [cAMP] activates_________________________________ which inactivates glycogen synthase (8) 8. Compare the similarities and differences between gluconeogenesis and fatty acid synthesis in animal tissues . Gluconeogenesis fatty acid synthesis ___________________________________________________________________ Substrate(s) cofactors origin of reducing power immediate product of CO2 fixation