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Genetics of Cancer Fig. 11-12 Signaling cell Signal Transduction: Signaling molecule Plasma Receptor membrane protein 1 2 3 Way in which a cell can respond to signals from its environment Results in a change in which genes are expressed (turned on) Target cell Relay proteins Transcription factor (activated) 4 Nucleus DNA 5 mRNA Transcription New protein 6 Translation Fig. 11-20a Growth factor Receptor Target cell Hyperactive relay protein (product of ras oncogene) issues signals on its own Normal product of ras gene Relay proteins Oncogenes STIMULATE cell division Transcription factor (activated) DNA Nucleus Protein that Stimulates cell division Transcription Translation Ras is an oncogene (cancer gene) the normal form of the gene is a proto-oncogene Fig. 11-20b Growth-inhibiting factor Receptor Relay proteins Transcription factor (activated) Normal tumorsuppressor genes prohibit cell division Nonfunctional transcription factor (product of faulty p53 tumor-suppressor gene) cannot trigger transcription Normal product of p53 gene Transcription Protein that inhibits cell division Translation Protein absent (cell division not inhibited) Progression of Colon Cancer 5 A tissue comprised of billions of cells heterozygous for BRCA1 or BRCA2 Both alleles of BRCA1 or both alleles of BRCA2 must be mutant for cancer to develop. Why would in follow a dominant inheritance pattern? Your (my) probability of winning the lottery is very small. The probability that someone will win it is very large. 7 One of the key tools in DNA technology is the restriction enzyme Where do these restriction enzymes come from???? What is their natural function??? How can we use them??? https://www.dnalc.org/view/15255-Producing-human-insulinusing-recombinant-DNA-Walter-Gilbert.html https://www.dnalc.org/view/15476-Mechanism-ofRecombination-3D-animation-with-with-basic-narration.html Use restriction enzymes to break DNA into manageable sized pieces that we can separate using the technique of gel electrophoresis How is this done What can we tell from this? • It can be used to compare the DNA from different organisms • Used to detect disease alleles • Used to “match” DNA samples – Determine parentage – Crime scene forensics Detecting disease alleles Fig. 12-11 Crime scene 1 DNA isolated 2 DNA of selected markers amplified 3 Amplified DNA compared Suspect 1 Suspect 2 Recombinant DNA • DNA from 2 sources combined – Can be used to clone genes – Used to produce a particular protein How is this recombinant DNA made? GMOs • Research 3 GMOs – Type of organism – What is modified (what gene)? – What is the benefit • Your thoughts…