Download Organic Biomolecules Fill in Notes 2016

Organic Biomolecules
The Chemistry of Life
Macromolecules
• Four categories of organic molecules
1.
2.
3.
4.
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Lipids
What does the term
“organic” mean?
• In general, called macromolecules
• First three categories are also polymers
Polymer Principles
• Polymer – a long molecule consisting
of similar or identical building blocks
covalently linked together
• Monomer – the individual building
blocks that make up the polymers
Ex. If a sentence is a polymer,
words are monomers
Polymer Principles
Click the play button below to watch a short video on
monomers and polymers.
Carbohydrates
• Commonly called sugars
• Only contain the elements carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen in a specific
ratio of 1:2:1
Example: formula for glucose is C6H12O6
• Main Function: short-term energy source
• Found in: foods like fruits, vegetables, grain
Carbohydrates
• Monomers are called monosaccharides
• Ex. simple sugars like glucose
and fructose
• Link two together to form a disaccharide
• Ex. sucrose – common table sugar
• Many linked together to form a polysaccharide
• Ex. glycogen in animals
• Ex. starch and cellulose
in plants
Proteins
• Also called polypeptides
• Contain elements carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur
• Monomers are called amino acids
• 20 different types of building blocks
• Chemical properties vary based on
structure of the amino acids
• Proteins are assembled by RIBOSOMES
Proteins
Polypeptide
Amino Acid
Peptide Bond
After amino acids are linked together, the
chain folds into a specific shape!
Shape determines protein’s functions!
Proteins
• Many Functions!
•
•
•
•
structural proteins like collagen in skin
antibodies in your immune system
contractile proteins in your muscles
ENZYMES – help speed up chemical reactions
by reducing activation energy
A Note about Enzymes
A substrate is a molecule that an enzyme reacts with.
Enzymes and substrates fit together like a lock and key.
Proteins
Remember the function of all proteins is
based on the
shape of the protein!
If the shape of a protein changes,
the protein can no longer do its job!
Nucleic Acids
• Two types: DNA and RNA
• Contain elements carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus
• Monomers are called nucleotides
• made up of three subunits
• 5-carbon sugar
• nitrogen base
• phosphate group
Nucleic Acids
3.
1.
Nucleotide
2.
1. Phosphate Group
2. 5-Carbon Sugar
(Dexoyribose or Ribose)
3. Nitrogen Base
Nucleic Acids
• There are 4 different nitrogen bases in DNA:
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Thymine
1.
3.
2.
• RNA uses the nitrogen base Uracil instead
of Thymine
• DNA carries genetic information, while RNA
is used in the making of proteins
Lipids
•
•
Technically not a polymer
Elements: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
•
Include: fats, phospholipids, steroids,
and waxes.
•
•
Composed of a backbone glycerol and fatty
acid chains
Functions:
• Fats serves as long-term energy storage
• Cell membranes are made of phospholipids
• Many hormones are steroids
• Insulate
Lipids
Glycerol
Fatty Acid Chains
Phospholipid
General Structure
of a Steroid