* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Organic Biomolecules Fill in Notes 2016
Signal transduction wikipedia , lookup
Silencer (genetics) wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
Plant nutrition wikipedia , lookup
Basal metabolic rate wikipedia , lookup
Fatty acid synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Nitrogen cycle wikipedia , lookup
Interactome wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression wikipedia , lookup
Evolution of metal ions in biological systems wikipedia , lookup
Deoxyribozyme wikipedia , lookup
Amino acid synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Protein–protein interaction wikipedia , lookup
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of proteins wikipedia , lookup
Fatty acid metabolism wikipedia , lookup
Two-hybrid screening wikipedia , lookup
Western blot wikipedia , lookup
Protein structure prediction wikipedia , lookup
Metalloprotein wikipedia , lookup
Biosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
Organic Biomolecules The Chemistry of Life Macromolecules • Four categories of organic molecules 1. 2. 3. 4. Carbohydrates Proteins Nucleic Acids Lipids What does the term “organic” mean? • In general, called macromolecules • First three categories are also polymers Polymer Principles • Polymer – a long molecule consisting of similar or identical building blocks covalently linked together • Monomer – the individual building blocks that make up the polymers Ex. If a sentence is a polymer, words are monomers Polymer Principles Click the play button below to watch a short video on monomers and polymers. Carbohydrates • Commonly called sugars • Only contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a specific ratio of 1:2:1 Example: formula for glucose is C6H12O6 • Main Function: short-term energy source • Found in: foods like fruits, vegetables, grain Carbohydrates • Monomers are called monosaccharides • Ex. simple sugars like glucose and fructose • Link two together to form a disaccharide • Ex. sucrose – common table sugar • Many linked together to form a polysaccharide • Ex. glycogen in animals • Ex. starch and cellulose in plants Proteins • Also called polypeptides • Contain elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur • Monomers are called amino acids • 20 different types of building blocks • Chemical properties vary based on structure of the amino acids • Proteins are assembled by RIBOSOMES Proteins Polypeptide Amino Acid Peptide Bond After amino acids are linked together, the chain folds into a specific shape! Shape determines protein’s functions! Proteins • Many Functions! • • • • structural proteins like collagen in skin antibodies in your immune system contractile proteins in your muscles ENZYMES – help speed up chemical reactions by reducing activation energy A Note about Enzymes A substrate is a molecule that an enzyme reacts with. Enzymes and substrates fit together like a lock and key. Proteins Remember the function of all proteins is based on the shape of the protein! If the shape of a protein changes, the protein can no longer do its job! Nucleic Acids • Two types: DNA and RNA • Contain elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus • Monomers are called nucleotides • made up of three subunits • 5-carbon sugar • nitrogen base • phosphate group Nucleic Acids 3. 1. Nucleotide 2. 1. Phosphate Group 2. 5-Carbon Sugar (Dexoyribose or Ribose) 3. Nitrogen Base Nucleic Acids • There are 4 different nitrogen bases in DNA: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Thymine 1. 3. 2. • RNA uses the nitrogen base Uracil instead of Thymine • DNA carries genetic information, while RNA is used in the making of proteins Lipids • • Technically not a polymer Elements: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen • Include: fats, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes. • • Composed of a backbone glycerol and fatty acid chains Functions: • Fats serves as long-term energy storage • Cell membranes are made of phospholipids • Many hormones are steroids • Insulate Lipids Glycerol Fatty Acid Chains Phospholipid General Structure of a Steroid