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12.5 NOTES Important Vocabulary OBJECTIVES • Contrast chromosomes and genes • Learn how the Punnett square is used to determine the genotype and phenotype of offspring VOCABULARY • Genes- A segment of DNA nucleotides that code for a specific characteristic • Chromosomes – long strands of DNA (46 in humans) • Egg – female gamete • (haploid with 23 chromosomes) • Sperm – male gamete • (haploid with 23 chromosomes) MORE VOCABULARY • Zygote – fertilized egg • (diploid with 46 chromosomes) • X and Y chromosomes determine sex • XX – female XY – male • Locus – the position of a gene on a chromosome • Alleles – different forms of a gene • Homozygous – gene pair that is the same (AA or aa) • Heterozygous – gene pair that have different alleles (Aa) EVEN MORE VOCABULARY • Dominant – traits that mask the recessive (in blood that is A and B) • Recessive – traits that only appear when paired with another allele that is recessive (type O) • Genotype – a pair of allele genes • Phenotype – the outward appearance of an individual BLOOD TYPES • Individual inherits two similar genes from parents • Type A = AA, AO (or Ai) • Type AB = AB • Type B = BB, BO (or Bi) • Type O = OO (or ii) • Type = phenotype • Genotype determined by family history PUNNET SQUARE • No blood group gene can appear in a child unless it is present in at least one of the parents PATERNITY TESTING • Normally encountered in civil courts • Relate suspected parents and offspring to their blood group systems • Involves A-B-O • HLA (human leukocyte antigen) found on white blood cells • If suspect cannot be excluded, the chances are better than 90% that he is the father • DNA – raise odds to beyond 99% 12.5 QUESTIONS 1. Differentiate between gene and chromosome. 2. Differentiate between heterozygous and homozygous gene pairs. 3. Differentiate between genotype and phenotype. 4. Draw 3 Punnet Squares based on the following information: A. Parent 1 (AO), Parent 2 (BO) B. Parent 1 (AA), Parent 2 (AB) C. Parent 1 (OO), Parent 2 (AO)