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Challenge Problem Body Defenses: The Immune System 12c Let’s Review Pathogens- 8min Something that makes us sick, causes disease -Use your phone to find 5 pathogens, quick description and an example of a disease they cause. If you know one from memory you can write that down. 1- pathogen example 2345- ex- disease example exexexex- Third Line of Defense: Immune System Specific Defense: The Immune System Important Aspects Antigen specific recognizes and acts against particular foreign substances Systemic not restricted to the initial infection site Has memory recognizes and mounts a stronger attack on previously encountered pathogens Types of Immunity Humoral immunity Antibody-mediated immunity Cells produce chemicals for defense Cellular immunity Cell-mediated immunity Cells target virus infected cells Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.25 So, how does the immune system know which cells to attack? Antigens • Antigen – Surface Proteins that identify the cell • Self: found on cells that belong to the organism • Non-Self: found on cells that do not belong to the organism –invaders Antigens (Nonself) Any substance capable of exciting the immune system and provoking an immune response Examples of common antigens Foreign proteins Nucleic acids Large carbohydrates Some lipids Pollen grains Microorganisms Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.26 Self-Antigens Human cells have many surface proteins Our immune cells do not attack our own proteins. They only attack “foreign” proteins. Our cells in another person’s body can trigger an immune response because they are foreign Restricts donors for transplants Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.27 Quick Quiz • What is an antigen? (in your own words) • Why are antigens so important in the immune response? Let’s review the cells involved in the immune system Cells of the Immune System Lymphocytes Originate from hemocytoblasts in the red bone marrow B lymphocytes become immunocompetent in the bone marrow T lymphocytes become immunocompetent in the thymus Macrophages Arise from monocytes Become widely distributed in lymphoid organs Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.29 Activation of Lymphocytes Figure 12.9 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.30 Immune Response: Humoral Immunity Involves Antibodies!! Humoral Immunity • 1) B-Cells recognize and attach to a foreign antigen • 2) B-Cells reproduce – Plasma Cells: produce Antibodies specific to attack this antigen – Memory Cells: for quick attacks on future encounters with this antigen. Humoral Immunity • 3) Antibodies bind to foreign antigens on cells and disable them • 4) Macrophages engulf and destroy cells that have antibodies attached. Humoral Immune Response Figure 12.10 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.32 Secondary Response Memory cells are long-lived A second exposure causes a rapid response The secondary response is stronger and longer lasting Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.11 Slide 12.33 Quick Quiz • Why is humoral immunity also called “Antibody-mediated Immunity”? • What type of lymphocyte is involved in Humoral immunity? Active Immunity: Permanent Your B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies Active immunity can be naturally or artificially acquired Get Sick Get an immunization shot Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.12 Slide 12.34 Passive Immunity: Temporary Antibodies are obtained from someone else Conferred naturally from a mother to her fetus Conferred artificially from immune serum or gamma globulin Immunological memory does not occur Protection provided by “borrowed antibodies” Slide 12.35 Antibody Structure (draw it) Four amino acid chains linked by disulfide bonds Two identical amino acid chains are linked to form a heavy chain Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.13b Slide 12.38a Antibody Classes Antibodies of each class have slightly different roles Five major immunoglobulin classes IgM – can fix complement IgA – found mainly in mucus IgD – important in activation of B cell IgG – can cross the placental barrier IgE – involved in allergies Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.39 Antibody Function Antibodies inactivate antigens in a number of ways Complement fixation Neutralization Agglutination Precipitation Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.40 Quick Quiz • Name two ways to get “Active Immunity” • How can you get “Passive Immunity”? • What is the primary difference between active and passive immunity? Antibody Act-ivity • Read the ½ sheet of paper and be prepared to get a part • After a demo, you will be moving around the room like bacteria, antibodies, B-cells, and macrophages!! Assignment • Create a 6-frame comic strip that outlines the humoral immune response steps. – Must have colored pictures – Must clearly explain each step of the response. – Be creative!!