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Classification of Living
Organisms
• As living things are constantly being
investigated, new attributes are revealed
that affect how organisms are placed in a
standard classification system.
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What is taxonomy?
• Taxonomy is the branch
of biology concerned
with the grouping and
naming of organisms
• Biologists who study
this are called
taxonomists
How did it start?
• People wanted to
organize their world
so they began
grouping, or
classifying everything
they saw.
Examples:
• Things that break down dead
materials
• Things that reproduce sexually
• Things that are single-celled
• Things that have cell walls
• Things that eat other organisms
• Things that have a nucleus
• Things that are multicellular
TPS:
What categories of living things do you remember?
Why classify?
• To help us see
relationships, similarities
and differences
• To help us organize all the
organisms we discover . . .
• To give every species a name
based on a standard method
so scientists from different
countries can talk about the
same animal without
confusion
Who is Carolus Linnaeus?
• Carolus Linnaeus was a
Swedish botanist
• Developed a 7-level (taxa)
classification system based
on similarities between
organisms
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The Seven Level
System
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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Dear
King
Phillip
Called
Oprah
For
Good
Spices
Domains
• Domains are the broadest taxonomic
classification of living organisms
• The three Domains:
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya
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Domains are Divided into
Kingdoms
• Archaea----- Archaebacteria
• Bacteria ------ Eubacteria
• Eukarya ------- Protist
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
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How does it work?
• There are 6 broad
kingdoms
• Every living thing that
we know of fits into one
of the six kingdoms
• Each level gets more
specific as fewer
organisms fit into any
one group
Six Kingdoms of Life
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• The grouping of organisms into
KINGDOMS is based on 3 factors:
– 1. Cell Type (prokaryotic or eukaryotic)
– 2. Cell Number (unicellular or multicellular)
– 3. Feeding Type (autotroph or heterotroph)
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1. Cell Type- The presence or absence of
cellular structures such as the nucleus,
mitochondria, or a cell wall
Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes
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Prokaryotes – Bacteria!
• DO NOT HAVE:
•An organized nucleus
•Structured organelles
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Eukaryotes
• DO HAVE:
• nucleus organized with a membrane
• other organelles
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2nd criteria for Kingdom Divisions:
Cell Number
•Unicellular- single celled organism –
protozoans, bacteria, some algae
•Multicellular- many celled organism –
cells start to specialize/differentiate
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• Unicellular
• Multicellular
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3rd Criteria for Kingdom Divisions
Feeding Type - How the organisms get their food
–Autotroph or Producer
Make their own food
–Heterotroph or Consumer
Must eat other organisms to survive
Includes decomposers – those that eat
dead matter!
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6 Kingdoms
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Archaebacteria
Prokaryotes
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Eukaryotes
Plantae
Animalia
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Archaebacteria
• Ancient bacteria– Live in very harsh
environments
– extremophiles
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Eubacteria
• It is the eubacteria that
most people are talking
about when they say
bacteria, because they
live in more neutral
conditions.
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Bacteria
• Bacteria are unicellular
prokaryotes
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Protists
• Protists include many
widely ranging
microbes, including
slime molds, protozoa
and primitive algae.
Odds & Ends Kingdom
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Protista Kingdom
• There are animal-like, fungus-like, and
plant-like protists
• Some are beneficial
• Some protists can cause diseases in
humans
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Protists Nutrition
• Protists can be
autotrophs or
heterotrophs
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Fungi Kingdom
• The Kingdom Fungi
includes some of the
most important
organisms.
• By breaking down
dead organic material,
they continue the
cycle of nutrients
through ecosystems.
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• All fungi are
eukaryotic
• They may be
unicellular or
multicellular
Fungi
Unicellular
(yeast)
Multicellular
• All fungi have a
cell wall
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Fungi
Ringworm
• Fungi can be very
helpful and delicious
• Many antibacterial
drugs are derived
from fungi
• Fungi also causes a
number of plant and
animal diseases:
Penicillin
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Fungi Nutrition
• All fungi are heterotrophs
- Saprophytes-get their nutrients
from dead organic matter
-
Parasites – absorb from a host,
eventually killing the host
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Plant Kingdom
• All plants are
multicellular,
their cells
having a cell
wall, and…
• they are
autotrophs
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Animalia Kingdom
All animals are:
-Multicellular: cells lacking a cell wall
-Heterotrophs
-Capable of movement at some point
in their lives.
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At this point, your Characteristics of Kingdoms Comparison Matrix
is complete
CHECK YOUR WORK
MAKE CORRECTIONS/ADDITIONS AS NEEDED
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Characteristics of Kingdom Comparison Matrix
Cell Wall
Domain
Kingdom
Cell Type
Cell #
Feeding
Type
Archaea
Archaebacteria
Prokaryote
Unicellular
Autotroph
Yes
Eubacteria
Prokaryote
Unicellular
Both
Yes
Protista
Eukaryote
Most
Unicellular
Both
Yes &
NO
Fungi
Eukaryote
both
Heterotroph
Yes
Plantae
Eukaryote
Multicellular
Autotroph
Yes
Animalia
Eukaryote
Multicellular
Heterotroph
Bacteria
Eukarya
NO
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