Download Macromolecules

Macromolecules = Organic Compounds
• Organic compounds – compounds that contain carbon
– Most Common Elements in living things: C, H, O, N, P, S
• We will study:
–
–
–
–
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Building Blocks
• Monomers (single units) are joined to build polymers
Carbohydrates:
Functions
• Major source of Energy (starch in plants,
glycogen in animals)
• Structure in plant cell walls
Carbohydrates:
Where are they found?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Wheat
Breads
Pasta
Sugars (candy, cakes, etc.)
Fruits
Vegetables
Most are plant-based
Carbohydrates:
Elements and Building Blocks
• Structure: 5 or 6 carbon ring
• Elements: C, H, O
• Monomers – monosaccharide
(1 ring sugar)
ex: glucose C6H12O6
Carbohydrates:
Examples and Diagrams
5 or 6 sided
rings!
• Sugars:
Glucose
Polymer=monomers bonded
together
• Polymers = polysaccharide
(multi-ring sugar)
- glycogen (animal-stored energy in the liver)
- starch (plant-stored energy)
- cellulose (plant cell walls)
- chitin (in exoskeleton or shell or insects)
Do now
1) Name the function of carbohydrates
2) Which foods provide us with carbs?
3) What is the monomer of carbs? What is
an example?
4) Name 3 polymers of carbs and draw what
they look like
Lipids (fats)
Function:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Stores energy for later use
Insulate the body to keep you warm
Build cell membrane structure
Wax on leaves: protective coating
Steroids: hormones/cholesterol
Location: Where do I find
Lipids?
• Foods: butter, oils, salad dressing
• Plants: in the seeds
• Animals: in the connective tissues
• Cells: Cell membrane
Structure of Lipids
• Elements: C, H, O
Large non-polar molecules that DO NOT
dissolve in water. Why?
Building Blocks
• Monomers – fatty acids and glycerol
• Polymers – triglycerides (commonly fats,
oils, waxes), phospholipids, steroids
Polymers of Lipids
1) Triglycerides
Saturated:
• animal fat
• Solid
Unsaturated:
• Plant oil
• liquids
1) Phospholipids
Polymer of Lipids:
Phosopholipid
• Hydrophobic
Do Now
1) Name some functions of lipids
2) Which foods provide us with lipids?
3) What are two monomers of lipids
4) Name 2 polymers of lipids.
5) What are phospholipids for?
Is the tail hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
Is the head hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
Proteins
Functions:
– Builds strong muscles
– Collagen builds strong bones and connective
tissue
– Keratin builds strong skin, hair, and nails
– Antibodies fight disease
– Transport oxygen in blood in hemoglobin
– ENZYMES reduce the time needed for
reaction to start
Proteins
• Location: Where do I get proteins?
Animal products: meat, fish, dairy, eggs
Structural Proteins and Functional
Proteins
• Some proteins are structural and provide
support in hair, horns, spider webs, etc.
Fig. 2-21
Proteins:
Building Blocks
• Elements: C, H, O, N, S
• Monomers – Amino Acids (20 kinds)
Protein Polymer
• Polymers: Polypeptides (long chain of
amino acids bonded together)
Do Now Review
•
•
•
•
What are some functions of proteins?
Which foods are high in protein?
What is the polymer of proteins?
What is the monomer of proteins?
– How many different ones are there?
Protein Structure:
- A protein is made of 1
or more
polypeptides bonded
together
-chains are bent and
folded(due to hydrogen
bonding)
Protein Structure
• Each protein has a special shape
which determines its function
• Temperature and pH changes the
protein’s shape so it doesn’t work
anymore(denatured)
Enzymes
• Lock and Key Model
Nucleic acids
Function:
–Store and transmit genetic
information
–Tells cells when and what
proteins to make
Nucleic Acids
Elements: CHONP
Monomer of Nucleic Acid: Nucleotide
Monomer: Nucleotide
3 parts of a nucleotide:
1) five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)
2) phosphate group
3) nitrogen-containing base
Polymer – DNA & RNA
DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid
- Double strand of nucleotides
- Contains the genetic code of cell
- Found in nucleus
Bases:
Adenine (A) <==> Thymine (T)
(apple tree)
Cytosine (C) <==> Guanine (G)
RNA - Ribonucleic Acid
- Single strand
- Found in nucleus and cytoplasm
Bases:
Adenine (A) <==> Uracil (U)
Cytosine (C) <==> Guanine (G)
Nucleic Acids:
Other Facts
• In ALL cells
Done!
4 Macromolecules:
1) Carbohydrates
1) Lipids
1) Proteins
1) Nucleic Acids
Enzymes
• Lock and Key Model
Chemical Reactions
• Chemical Reaction
– changes one set of
chemicals (reactants)
into another set of
chemicals (products)
• Activation Energy
– energy needed to start a
reaction
• Catalyst
– speeds up a chemical
reaction by lowering
activation energy
– Ex: enzymes
Enzymes
• Enzyme: protein that acts as a catalyst
• Substrate: reactant in enzyme-catalyzed reaction
• Active Site: location on an enzyme where the
substrate attaches
Each enzyme functions at an
optimal temperature and pH
Sample MCAS Question
In the nucleus of a human cell, RNA polymerase travels along a DNA strand
and constructs a new strand of mRNA. The new mRNA strand leaves the
nucleus through a pore in the nuclear membrane and enters the cytoplasm.
The mRNA associates with a ribosome and a new polypeptide is produced.
Several types of organic molecules are mentioned in the paragraph above.
a. Select two different organic molecules mentioned in the paragraph above
and classify each as one of the four major types of organic molecules. You
may use a table like the one below in your response.
b. Briefly describe the structure and function of each organic molecule you
identified in part (a.). You may use a table like the one below in your
response.
Answer
Molecule
Classification
Structure
Function
Answer Key
CHOOSE 2 ONLY!!
Molecule
Classification
Structure
Function
Polypeptide
Protein
Chains of amino acids.
Contains the elements C,
H, O, and N.
Forms muscle
tissue and
enzymes.
DNA
Nucleic Acid
Double helix composed
of sugar, phosphate, and
nitrogenous bases.
Carries the genetic
code and controls
cell activities.
mRNA
Nucleic Acid
Single stranded molecule
composed of sugar,
phosphate, and
nitrogenous bases.
Holds the code
needed for protein
synthesis.
RNA
Polymerase
Enzyme
(protein)
Chains of amino acids.
Contains the elements C,
H, O, and N.
Speed up chemical
reactions
(catalysts).