Download Biochemistry

Biochemistry
An Introduction to the Chemistry of
Life for Biology Students
Organic Chemistry
 What makes Carbon Special? Why is
Carbon so different from all the other
elements on the periodic table?
 The answer derives from the ability of
Carbon atoms to bond together to form
long chains and rings.
Organic Chemistry
Organic Chemistry
Carbon can covalently bond with up
to four other atoms because of its 4
valence electrons
Primary Biomolecules
Four Major Classes of Biological Molecules
Polymers ands Monomers
 Each of these types of molecules are
polymers that are assembled from single
units called monomers.
 Monomer = the small pieces of the
polymer
fat
 Polymer = the large unit
Glucose is a monosaccaride
3 amino acids
nucleotide
Monomers and Polymers
Proteins
Proteins/Polypeptides
 Are made of building blocks called amino acids.
 Are what your DNA codes for.
 Are used to control chemical reactions, regulate
cell processes, build bones and muscles,
transport things into and out of cells and help
fight disease
Amino Acids, Peptide Bonds, Polypeptides, Protein
Proteins are linear chains of 20 different building blocks called amino acids.
Peptide bonds
Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds – a form of
covalent bond.
Dehydration Synthesis: Bringing molecules together
with the removal of water (bonding).
Protein
Monomer: Amino Acid
Polymer: Polypeptide
Proteins must have
nitrogen.
Proteins are Folded
Structures Whose
Shape
(therefore
FUNCTION)
Depends on Amino
Acid Sequences
Hydrolysis: splitting apart molecules
with the addition of water.
Some of the Diverse Functions of Proteins
Protein: CHON
Are building blocks for muscles and bones
Control rate of reactions
Enzymes are proteins
Hormones may be proteins
Antibodies
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
 Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen atoms
 Always in a ratio of 1:2:1.
 Carbohydrates are the key source of energy used by
living things.
 Monomers = sugars/monosaccharides
 Polymers = starches/polysaccharides
 All end in the letters –ose!
Linking two simple sugars makes a disaccharide.
Polysaccharides
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids
 These contain C,H,O,N, and
PHOSPHOROUS!!
 They have the responsibility of storing
and transmitting genetic information
DNA Nucleotide
Phosphate
Group
O
O=P-O
O
5
CH2
O
N
C1
C4
Sugar
(deoxyribose)
C3
C2
Nitrogenous base
(A, G, C, or T)
DNA Double Helix
5
O
3
3
O
P
5
O
C
G
1
P
5
3
2
4
4
2
3
1
P
T
5
A
P
3
O
O
P
5
O
3
5
P
Which biomolecules are CHONP?
Nucleic Acids
What are the only
nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA
What monomers
make up the
polymers, DNA and
RNA?
nucleotides
Lipids
 Lipids are molecules that consist of long
chains of C and H.
 Lipids are NONpolar so the DO NOT
DISSOLVE IN WATER!!
 Not true polymers so there is no
monomer
 They store energy and make biological
membranes and waterproof coverings.
Lipids are hydrophobic molecules that exist in three
primary forms:
Sterol
Fat
Phospholipid
The Degree
of Saturation
in A Fat
affects Its
physical And
nutritional
properties
Where are
the double
bonds?
Phospholipids
form membranes
Cell Membrane
What is the smallest living unit of an
organism?
Every cell is surrounded by a cell membrane
made of phospholipids.
Phospholipids Form Biological Membranes
Hydrophilic Head Group And Hydrophobic Tails Are The Keys To
Phospholipid Function
Phospholipids have a Jekyll and Hyde personality.
Fats are Used in Energy Storage and Production
Sterols are parts of cell membranes and act as
hormones.Act as Hormones
Note the four ring structure
common to all sterols.
Estrogen, testosterone,
progesterone, and
corticosteriods (cortisol) are all
steroid hormones.
“Designer steroids” are major
sporting news where they
have been used illegally in
track and field, baseball,
football and countless other
sports.
A heavily muscled Linford
Christie who was
disqualified from
international competition
after testing positive for a
banned steroid.