Download ID_4450_General principles of metaboli_English_sem_5

1.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
2.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
3.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
4.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
5.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
6.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
7.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
8.
A.
B.
?Glycogenolysis refers to
The formation of glycogen
The formation of urea
Conversion of fat and/ or protein to glucose
The anaerobic metabolism of glucose
Conversion of glycogen to glucose
Glycogenolysis is promoted by
Growth hormone
Insulin
Cortisol (corticosteroids)
Both A and D are correct
Glucagon
The regulation of normal blood sugar level is accomplished by
Insulin, glucagon and adrenalin
Cell tissue absorption of glucose from the blood
The breakdown of glycogen by the liver
Glycogenesis and glycogenolysis
All of the above
Anaerobic metabolism refers to the generation of ATP:
Without the involvement of ADP
Without the use of glycogen
In the absence of available oxygen
By the conversion of pyruvate to lactate
Without the use of oxygen
Which of the statements regarding enzymes is false?
Enzymes are proteins that function as catalysts
Enzymes are specific
Enzyme activity can be regulated
Enzymes may be used many times for a specific reaction
Enzymes provide activation energy for reactions
Phospholipase A2 is an enzyme which removes a fatty acid residue from lecithin to form
Lecithin fragments
Phosphotidic acid
Glyceryl phosphate
Both A and D
Lysolecithin
Pancreatic lipase is an enzyme which hydrolyzes fats. It acts as a/an
Peptidase
Carbohydrates
Dehydrogenase
None of the above
Hydrolase
The carbon chain of fatty acids is shortened by 2 carbon atoms at a time. This involves successive
reactions catalysed by 4-enzymes. These act the following order:
Acetyl CoA dehydrogenase, beta-OH acyl CoA dehydrogenase, enoyl hydrase, thiolose
Acyl CoA dehydrogenase, thiolose, enoyl hydrase, beta-OH acyl CoA dehydrogenase
C.
D.
E. *
9.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
10.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
11.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
12.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
13.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
14.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
15.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
Enoyl hydrase, beta-OH acyl CoA dehydrogenase,acyl CoA dehydrogenase, thiolose
None of the above
Acyl CoA dehydrogenase, enoyl hydrase, beta-OH acyl CoA dehydrogenase, thiolase
Acyl carrier protein is involved in the synthesis of
Protein
Glycogen
Fatty acid in the mitochondria
Both C and D
Fatty acid outside the mitochondria
During each cycle of beta-oxidation of fatty acid, all the following compounds are generated except
NADH
FADH2
Acetyl CoA
Both B and C
H2O
Bile is produced by
Gall-bladder
Pancreas
Intestine
All of the above
Liver
In beta-oxidation of fatty acids which of the following are utilized as co-enzymes?
NAD+ and NADP+
FAD H2 and NADH + H+
FAD and FMN
All of these
FAD and NAD+
Why is it undesirable to have high concentrations of free fatty acids and lysophosphoglycerides in
cells?
They are unstable, free radicals that can react to form toxic substances
They polymerize easily and can cause the cytosol to become too gel-like
They inhibit the uptake of pyruvate by mitochondria
All of the above
They are amphipathic and act as detergents that can degrade membranes
Why are triacylglycerols able to provide more energy than carbohydrates (gram for gram)?
The triacylglycerols have an extremely high group transfer potential
The carbohydrates contain fewer carbon-carbon bonds
The triacylglycerols are less soluble in water than the carbohydrates
All of the above
The carbohydrates are already in a more oxidized state than the triacylglycerols
What is the major role of phospholipase A2?
To cleave the phosphate group from phospholipids
To phosphorylate the enzyme enoyl-CoA
To transport glycerophospholipids in the blood
None of the above
To hydrolyze an ester bond in glycerophospholipids to form lysophosphoglyceride
16.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
17.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
18.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
19.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
20.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
21.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
22.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
23.
A.
B.
C.
Which dietary lipid usually contains no ester bonds?
Triacylglycerides
Glycerophospholipids
None of the above, all dietary lipids are esterified.
All of the above
Cholesterol
Which lipid form is transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane before beta-oxidation?
Fatty acyl CoA
Acetoacetyl CoA
Lysophospholipid CoA
All of the above
Acylcarnitine
Fatty acids are oxidized in the ___________.
Cytosol
Endoplasmic reticulum
Mitochondrial inner membrane space
Nucleus
Mitochondrial matrix
Which enzyme requires adenosylcobalamin as a cofactor?
Carnitine acyl transferase I
Enoyl-CoA hydratase
Propionyl-CoA carboxylase
None of the above
Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase
How many cycles of beta-oxidation are required to completely process a saturated C18 fatty acid?
6
9
18
7
8
How many QH2 and NADH are produced by one round of the beta-oxidation pathway?
1 QH2 and 2 NADH
2 each
2 QH2 and 1 NADH
All of the above
1 each
Which of the following is the regulated step of fatty acid synthesis in eukaryotes?
Transportation of mitochondrial acetyl CoA into the cytosol
Assembly of the fatty acid chain
All of the above
None of the above
Carboxylation of acetyl CoA
The citrate transport system is responsible for:
Generation of PALP
Generating cytosolic NAD from cytosolic NADH+.
Generating cytosolic FADH2
D.
E. *
24.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
25.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
26.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
27.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
28.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
29.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
30.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
31.
A.
None of the above
Transporting acetyl CoA from the mitochondrion to the cytosol
Lipids may be either hydrophobic or
Hydrophilic
Organic
Inorganic
Soluble in polar solvents
Amphipathic
Fatty acids required in the diet of mammals are called
Important
Dietary
Saturated
Esters
Essential
Dietary triacylglycerols are digested as a result of
Lipase action
Bile salts
Micelle formation
Diffusion and absorption by intestinal cells
All of the above
Ethanolamine, serine and choline can be cleaved from glycerophospholipids by
Phospholipase A1
Phospholipase A2
Phospholipase B
Phospholipase C
Phospholipase D
Like plasmologens, sphingolipids are found in relative abundance in
Bacteria
Plant cells
Intestinal cells
All of the above
Nerve cells
Triacylglycerols cannot form lipid bilayers because they
Have hydrophobic tails
Cannot associate with cholesterol
Have polar heads
Cannot engage in hydrophobic interactions
Do not have polar heads
Glycerol is converted to ___________ when it is used for gluconeogenesis.
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
Phosphoenolpyruvate
Oxaloacetate
None of the above
3-phosphoglycerate
The main function of the bile salts is to __________.
Act as counterions for the ionized forms of lipids
B.
C.
D.
E. *
32.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
33.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
34.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
35.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
36.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
37.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
38.
A.
B.
Cleave the ester bonds in triacylglycerols to release free fatty acids
Form the surface layer of chylomicrons
None of the above
Emulsify lipids in the intestin
The largest lipoproteins are the __________.
VLDLs
LDLs
HDLs
None of the above
Chylomicrons
Elevated levels of the hormone ________ stimulates the conversion of triacylglycerols stored in
adipose cells to free fatty acids and monoacylglycerols to provide energy when carbohydrate stores
are depleted.
Insulin
Testosteron
Ergosterol
STH
Epinephrine
The main sources of NADPH for fatty acid biosynthesis is:
TCA cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation
Glycolysis
All of the above
The pentose phosphate pathway
During the fed state, which of the following occur(s)?
Insulin inhibition of stored triacylglycerols' hydrolysis
Insulin stimulation of malonyl CoA formation
Allosteric inhibition of carnitine acyltransferase I
A and C only
All of the above
The common precursor for the synthesis of triacylglycerols, phosphatidylcholine and
phosphatidyletanolamine is:
Choline
CDP-choline
None of the above
Citrate
1,2-diacylglycerol
The end product of cytosol fatty acid synthetase in humans is
Oleic acid
Arachidonic acid
Linoleic acid
Palmitoleic acid
Palmitic acid
For every 2 mol of free glycerol released by lipolysis of triacylglycerides in adipose tissue
2 mol of triacylglycerides is released
2 mol of free fatty acids is released
C.
D.
E. *
39.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
40.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
41.
A. *
B.
C.
D.
E.
42.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
43.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
44.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
45.
A.
B.
1 mol of triacylglyceride is released
3 mol of acyl CoA is produced
1 mol of glucose can be synthesized in gluconeogenesis
Which one of the following compounds is a key intermediate in the synthesis of both triacylglycerols
and phospholipids?
CDP-choline
Triacylglyceride
Phosphatidylserine
CDP-diacylglycerol
Phosphatidate
Which of the following is not used in the synthesis of fatty acids?
Cobalamin (vitamin B12)
NADPH
AMP
CO2
FADH2
In the blood of a patient is decreased amount of phospholipids, increased concentration of
cholesterol, observed the symptoms of prostaglandin lack. What can cause such events?
Limited usage of polyunsaturated fatty acids
Limited usage of carbohydrates
D hypovitaminosis
Excess of lipids in food
Excess of carbohydrates in food
For the patient with diagnosis atherosclerosis “Linetol” is prescribed, which contains essential fatty
acids. Which of the below-mentioned acids surely is a part of it?
Stearic acid
Palmitic acid
Oleic acid
Crotonic acid
Linoleic acid
The amount of phospholipids in the blood plasma of 45 years old patient is normal. Choose correct
result:
2,0-5,0 g/l
1,2-2,5 g/l
0,7-2,0 g/l
7,0-8,0 g/l
1,5-3,6 g/l
After having fatty food the patient had nausea and steatorrhea. The cause of this condition can be:
Amylase insufficiency
Increase of lipase excretion
Trypsin synthesis malfunction
Increased acidity of gastric juice
Lack of bile acids
For the patient was prescribed bile preparation for improvement of fatty food digestion. Which
components of the preparation participate in fat emulsification?
Fatty acids
Cholesterol and it's esters
C.
D.
E. *
46.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
47.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
48.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
49.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
50.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
51.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
Bilirubin monoglucuronides
Diglycerides
Bile acid salt
Fatty acids can not be converted into carbohydrates in the body, as the following reaction is not
possible:
Conversion of glucose-6-phosphate into glucose
Fructose 1, 6 diphosphate to fructose-6-phosphate
Formation of acetyl CoA from fatty acids
Both C and D
Transformation of acetyl CoA to pyruvate
Patient suffers from disorders of lipid digestion. What are the functions of bile salts in lipid
digestion?
Emulsification of lipids; decompose the cholesteryl esters
Activation of phospholipase A2; activation of cholesterol esterase
Inhibition of lipase; inhibition of phospholipase A2
All of the above
Emulsification of lipids; activation of lipase
Why snake venom causes the lysis of erythrocytes?
Contains hemolytic toxins which directly destroy the erythrocytes membranes
Contains lipase catalyzing the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols in the cellular membranes
Contains cholesteryl esterase catalyzing the hydrolysis of cholesterol esters in the cellular
membranes
None of the above
Contains phospholipase A2 catalyzing the hydrolysis of glycerophospholipids and formation of
lysophosphoglycerides which can act as detergents and disrupt cellular membranes
After meal concentration of chylomicrones in blood of the patient is increased. Chylomicrones are
formed in the ____________________ and their main function is the ________________
Wall of intestine; transport of cholesterol
Liver; transport of triacylglycerols synthesized in liver
Blood; transport of cholesterol
All of the above
Wall of intestine; transport of dietary triacylglycerols
Conncentration of LDL in blood of the patient is increased. Low density lipoproteins transport
________________ from __________ to ___________
Triacylglycerols; intestine; liver
Cholesterol; peripheral tissues; liver
Triacylglycerols; liver; adipose tissue and muscles
Triacylglycerols; liver; muscles
Cholesterol; liver; peripheral tissues
In an organism of 47 years old patient mobilisation of lipids is active. Tryacylglycerinlipase of fatty
tissue is activated by:
Adenosine triphosphate
Guanosine triphosphate
Adenosine diphosphate
Guanosine diphosphate
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
52.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
53.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
54.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
55.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
56.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
57.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
58.
A.
B.
C.
D.
For TAG synthesis glycerol converts into active form. Glycerol is transformed into active form with
the enzyme:
Phosphatidate phosphatase
Glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase
Glycerol phosphate acyltransferase
Diglyceride-acyl-transferase
Glycerol kinase
Starvation and untreated diabetes both result in symptoms of ketosis, one of which is the presence of
ketone bodies in urine. Which of the following is a ketone body?
Lactic acid
Glucose
Stearic acid
Acetic acid
Acetoacetic acid
Old-time physicians often diagnosed illness on the basis of the odor of patients. Untreated diabetics
sometimes have breath with a "fruity" odor due to the presence of a volatile ketone body. Which one?
Beta-hydroxybutyric acid
Pyruvic acid
Stearic acid
Acetoacetic acid
Acetone
Drugs called statins are now used to decrease plasma cholesterol levels by inhibiting the rate-limiting
step of cholesterol synthesis. This step is catalyzed by
Lipoprotein lipase
Beta-ketothiolase
Acyl carrier protein
Transacylase
HMG-CoA reductase
HDL is synthesized and secreted from
Pancreas
Kidney
Muscle
Lung
Liver
Cholesterol is transported from liver to extrahepatic tissues by
Chylomicrons
VLDL
HDL
Carnitin
LDL
An enzyme required for the synthesis of ketone bodies as well as cholesterol is
Acetyl CoA carboxylase
HMG CoA reductase
HMG CoA lyase
None of the above
E. *
59.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
60.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
61.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
62.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
63.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
64.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
65.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
66.
A.
HMG CoA synthetase
All of the following tissue are capable of using ketone bodies except
Brain
Renal cortex
Cardiac muscle
Skeletal muscle
Liver
Ketone bodies are synthesized from fatty acid oxidation products by which of the following organs?
Skeletal muscles
Kidney
Brain
Heard
Liver
A compound normally used to conjugate bile acids is
Serine
Glucoronic acid
Fatty acid
Cholesterol
Glycine
Which of the following metabolite integrates glucose and fatty acid metabolism?
Pyruvate
Citrate
Lactate
Fumarate
Acetyl CoA
An aneplerotic reaction which sustains the availability of oxaloacetate is the carboxylation of
Glutamate
Citrate
Succinate
Lactate
Pyruvate
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and alfa-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex require the
following for their oxidative decarboxylation:
CoASH and Lipoic acid
NAD+ and FAD
CoASH and TPP
CoASH, TPP, FAD, Lipoate
CoASH, TPP,NAD+,FAD, Lipoate
Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate requires
NADP+
Cytochromes
Pyridoxal phosphate
Pyridoxine
CoASH
Tricarboxylic acid cycle to be continuous requires the regeneration of
Pyruvic acid
B.
C.
D. *
E.
67.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
68.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
69.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
70.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
71.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
72.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
73.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Alfa-oxoglutaric acid
Malic acid
Oxaloacetic acid
Fumaric acid
Dehydrogenation of succinic acid to fumaric acid requires the following hydrogen carrier:
NAD+
NADP+
Glutathione
Both A and C
Flavoprotein
Substrate level phosphorylation in TCA cycle is in step:
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
Malate dehydrogenase
Alfa-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
Aconitase
Succinate thiokinase
Before pyruvic acid enters the TCA cycle it must be converted to
Lactate
Alfa-ketoglutarate
Citrate
Malate
Acetyl CoA
The number of ATP produced in the succinate dehydrogenase step is
1
3
4
5
2
The following coenzyme is needed for the oxidative decarboxylation of ketoacids:
NADP+
Folate coenzyme
Biotin coenzyme
Both B and C
TPP
The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and CO2
Is reversible
Depends on the coenzyme biotin
Occurs in the cytosol
Both A and B
Involves the participation of lipoic acid
The list of cofactors which are able in reactions to carry electrons and protons is below mentioned.
Choose one cofactor which carries chemical groups only.
NAD
FAD
Ubiqinon (coenzyme Q)
Hem coenzymes
E. *
74.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
75.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
76.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
77.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
78.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
79.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
80.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
81.
Pyridoxal phosphate
Prosthetic group of cytochrome is:
FAD
Ubiqinon
Biotin
Cooper contain porphyryn complex
Iron porphyryn complex
How many ATP molecules can be derived from each molecule of acetyl CoA that enters the Krebs’
Cycle?
6
18
38
39
12
Catabolism is a form of metabolism in which molecules are converted into
Large start product
Peptides, proteins
Food, storage
All of the above
Simple end product, energy
Energy is carried from catabolic to anabolic reactions in the form of
ADP
Coenzymes
Inorganic phosphate
Oxygen
High-energy ATP bonds
Which term most precisely describes the general process of breaking down large molecules into
smaller ones?
Anabolism
Dehydration
Catalysis
Metabolism
Catabolism
Anabolic pathways _______
Do not depend on enzymes
Lead to the synthesis of catabolic compounds
Release energy as they degrade polymers to monomers
All of the above
Consume energy to build up polymers from monomers
The coenzyme electron carriers produced in the Krebs cycle are
ATP and ADP
Pyruvate and acetyl CoA
NAD and NADH
NADH and ATP
FADH2 and NADH
Why is ATP an important molecule in metabolism?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
82.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
83.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
84.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
85.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
86.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
87.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
88.
A.
Its hydrolysis provides an input of free energy for exergonic reactions.
Its terminal phosphate group contains a strong covalent bond that when hydrolyzed releases free
energy.
A and B only
A, B and C
It provides energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions.
A distinct set of metabolic reactions is called a reaction ________________.
Cycle
Network
Mechanism
A and B
Pathway
Consider the synthesis of a biopolymer in which the addition of successive monomers occurs by the
same kind of reaction(s). The synthesis of the polymer is a ________ pathway.
Linear
Cyclic
Branched
A and B
Spiral
Which statement is false about most metabolic pathways?
Pathways serve to increase the efficiency of energy transfers
The rates of pathway reactions vary to respond to changing conditions
The enzymes that catalyze reactions in metabolic pathways generally catalyze only a single step
Most pathways are irreversible under physiological conditions
Most pathways are reversible under physiological conditions
The flow of material through a reaction pathway usually depends on ________________.
Control of the first step of the pathway
Covalent modification of the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction
Feed-forward activation
Control of the second step of the pathway
Control at several steps in the pathway
Most CO2 produced during aerobic cellular respiration is released during
Oxidative phosphorylation
Lactate fermentation.
Electron transport
Glycolysis
The Kreb’s cycle
Which of the following is located in the mitochondria?
Cytochrome oxidase
Succinate dehydrogenase
Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase
None of these
All of these
The patient with cyanide poisoning was delivered to clinic. What mast be immediately used for the
improvement of his state?
Glucose
B.
C.
D.
E. *
89.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
90.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
91.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
92.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
93.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
94.
A.
B.
C.
Ascorbic acid
Vitamin B1
Nicotine amide
Cytochromoxidase
The rate at which pyruvate from glycolysis is used by the TCA cycle to produce energy is regulated
by pyruvate dehydrogenase. During muscle contraction, this enzyme is
Inhibited by increases in the calcium concentration
Activated by increase in acetyl CoA
Activated by increase in NADH
Inhibited by increase in AMP
Activated by increase in ADP
A deficiency in thiamin causes the disease beriberi. Which might you expect to have a higher than
normal blood concentration in an individual with this condition?
Isocitrate
Oxaloacetate
Acetyl CoA
Malate
Pyruvate
Compounds like succinate, fumarate and а-ketoglutarate have a catalytic effect on the consumption of
oxygen in a cell suspension. The rate of oxygen consumption is far more than that required for their
own oxidation. This is evidence that ________.
They are intermediates in glycolysis
They act as enzymes to cause the oxidation of other compounds
They must be cofactors for enzymes that are oxidoreductases
All of these
They are involved in a cyclic pathway
Organism suffers from hypovitaminosis of B5. How will it change the function of oxidoreductases?
It will inhibit synthesis and functions of cytochroms
It will inhibit synthesis and functions of FMN and FAD – dependent dehydrogenases
It causes improper synthesis and functions of TPP, which is the coenzyme of pyruvate
dehydrogenase.
It causes inhibition of synthesis and functions of aminotransferases.
It causes inhibition of synthesis and functions of NAD and NADP – dependent oxidoreductases
(dehydrogenases)
In blood and urine of a patient an increase value of pyruvic and ketoglutaric acids takes place. The
deficiency of which coenzyme causes these changes?
Pyridoxal phosphate
Flavin mononucleotide
Biotin
Ubiquinon
Thiamin pyrophosphate
As resalt of hypovitaminosis a 55 year old woman has sympthoms of pyruvate oxidative
decarboxilation inhibition. Aerobic oxidation of pyruvate to CO2 and H2O results in formation of
molecules ATP:
38 ATP
12 ATP
3 ATP
D.
E. *
95.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
96.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
97.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
98.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
99.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
100.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
2 ATP
15 ATP
Patient suffers from severe hypovitaminosis, low activity of dehydrogenases. Cofactors of
dehydrogenases are all, except one:
NAD+
NADP+
FMN
FAD
c-AMP
For treatment of many diseases cocarboxylase (thiaminpyrophosphate) is used for providing of
energy for cells. Choose what metabolic process is activated in this case?
Deamination of glutamate
Decarboxylation of histidine
Transamination of aspartate
Substrate level phosphorylation
Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate
The high toxity of ammonia for the neurons of CNS is predetermined by inhibition of TCA and, as a
result, decline of the tissue respiration, oxidative phosphorylation, ketonemia. The reason is a binding
of ammonia to the following component(s) of cycle:
Isocitrate
Succinate
Fumarate
Oxaloacetate
Alfa - ketoglutarate
During wet beriberi (thiamin deficiency), peripheral vessels dilate and heart muscles loose their
contractility. Some people think this is a result of a failure of the TCA cycle. Evidence for this is an
increase in the
Rate of production of succinate
Rate of production of NADH
Production of ATP
Production of FADH2
Concentration of alpha-ketoglutarate and pyruvate
A patient was diagnosed with beri-beri disease (thiamin deficiency). Activity of which enzyme is
inhibited in an organism of the patient?
Fumarase
Citrate synthase
Malate dehydrogenase
Succinate dehydrogenase
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
The accumulation of pyruvate in blood, decrease of activity of transketolase of red blood cells takes
place in organism of a 46 years old chronic alcoholic. Insufficiency of coenzyme form of which
vitamin causes such changes?
Carboxybiotin
Metylcobalamin
Phosphopyridoxal
Tetrahydrofolate
Thiamine diphosphate
101.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
102.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
103.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
104.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
105.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
106.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
107.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
108.
A.
B.
Substrate-level phosphorylation differs from oxidative phosphorylation in that:
Substrate-level phosphorylation involves the transfer of electrons
Substrate-level phosphorylation only occurs in the cytosol
Oxidative phosphorylation only occurs in the cytosol
GTP is always involved in substrate-level phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation involves the transfer of electrons
Which of the following statements is false?
Phosphofructokinase is the rate limiting enzyme in glycolysis
Phosphorylase activity is higher in Type II fibres than in Type I fibres
Endurance training increases the amount of TCA cycle enzymes in muscle
The heart can oxidise lactate
Oxygen is consumed in the TCA cycle
The respiratory exchange ratio (RER) is the ratio of:
Volume of carbon dioxide produced volume of oxygen consumed
Volume of oxygen produced volume of carbon dioxide consumed
Volume of oxygen consumed body mass
Volume of oxygen consumed lung ventilation
Volume of oxygen consumed volume of carbon dioxide produced
The coenzymes NAD and FAD carry electrons to the
Nucleus
Citric Acid cycle
Plasma membrane
Lysosoms
Electron transport system
When a phosphate is transferred from a high-energy molecule of ADP to form ATP it's referred to as
_____.
Photophosphorylation
Substrate-level phosphorylation
Citric cycle
Decarboxilation of pyruvat
Oxidative phosphorylation
When O2 is reduced during the electron transport system, _____ is produced.
CO2
ADP
Glucose
Pyruvat
H2O
Uncoupling of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation:
Allows continued mitochondrial ATP formation, but halts O2 consumption
Halts all mitochondrial metabolism
Slows down the citric acid cycle
Slows the conversion of glucose to pyruvate by glycolysis
Halts mitochondrial ATP formation, but allows continued O2 consumption
The final electron acceptor in the electron transport system is _____.
FADH2
Coenzyme Q
C.
D.
E. *
109.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
110.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
111.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
112.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
113.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
114.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
115.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Cytochrome b
Cytochrome c
O2
How many ATP molecules are produced when FADH2 delivers electrons to the electron transport
system?
1
4
36
12
2
Almost all of the oxygen (O2) one consumes in breathing is converted to:
Acetyl-CoA
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Carbon monoxide and then to carbon dioxide
None of the above
Water
In normal mitochondria, the rate of NADH consumption (oxidation) will:
Be increased in active muscle, decreased in inactive muscle
Be very low if the ATP synthase is inhibited, but increase when an uncoupler is added
Decrease if mitochondrial ADP is depleted
Decrease when cyanide is used to prevent electron transfer through the cytochrome a + a3 complex
All of the above are true
Several prosthetic groups act as redox centers in Complex I, including:
FMN, ubiquinone, iron-sulfur clusters, heme
Heme, ubiquinone, iron-sulfur clusters
All of the above
None of the above
FMN, iron-sulfur clusters
In the electron transport chain, the hydrogen ions enter the inner compartment of mitochondria
through special channels formed by
Coenzyme A
Acetyl CoA
Oxygen
Water
ATP synthase
The movement of protons through ATP synthase occurs from the
Matrix to the intermembrane space
Matrix to the cytoplasm
Intermembrane space to the cytoplasm
Cytoplasm to the intermembrane space
Intermembrane space to the matrix
Energy is carried from catabolic to anabolic reactions in the form of
ADP
Coenzymes
Inorganic phosphate
Oxygen
E. *
116.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
117.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
118.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
119.
High-energy ATP bonds
Exergonic reactions
Consume energy
Form bonds
Occur only outside the cell
All of the above
Release potential energy
Most oxidation reactions in bioenergetics involve the
Addition of electrons and hydrogens
Addition of oxygen
Removal of oxygen
None of the above
Removal of electrons and hydrogens
The FADH2 formed during the TCA cycle enters the electron transport system at which site?
NADH dehydrogenase
Cytochrome a
ATP synthase
Cytochrome c1
Coenzyme Q
ATP synthase complexes can generate _______ATP(s) for each NADH that enters electron transport.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
120.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
121.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
122.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
123.
A.
1
2
4
8
3
All of the following processes produce ATP, except:
Oxidative phosphorilation
Glycolysis
The Krebs cycle
The electron transport chain
Lactic acid formation
Most energy during cell respiration is harvested during
The Krebs cycle
Glycolysis
Anaerobic respiration
Fermentation
Oxidative phosphorilation
The loss of hydrogen is known as
Dehydration
Hydrogenation
Reduction
Both D and D are correct
Oxidation
A chemical reaction that has a positive Delta G is correctly described as _______
Exothermic
B.
C.
D.
E. *
124.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
125.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
126.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
127.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
128.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
129.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
130.
A.
B.
C.
Exergonic
Enthalpic
Spontaneous
Endergonic
Which of the following is true for exergonic reactions?
The reactions upgrade the free energy in the products at the expense of energy from the
surroundings
A net input of energy from the surroundings is required for the reactions to proceed
The products have more free energy than the reactants
Reactants will always be completely converted to products
The products have less free energy than the reactants
The transfer of free energy from catabolic pathways to anabolic pathways is best called
Feedback regulation
Bioenergetics
Cooperativity
Entropy
Energy coupling
An electron transferred in a biological system is usually
Boosted to a higher light energy state
Accompanied by a proton
Given off as radiant energy
Lost to the system as heat
Converted into other chemical compounds
In oxidative respiration, energy is harvested from glucose molecules in a sequence of four major
pathways. Which of the following is not one of these four pathways?
Krebs cycle
Glycolysis
Electron transfer through the transport chain
Pyruvate oxidation
Beta oxidation
The coenzyme electron carriers produced in the Krebs cycle are
ATP and ADP
Pyruvate and acetyl CoA
NAD and NADH
NADH and ATP
FADH2 and NADH
Chemiosmotic generation of ATP is driven by
Phosphate transfer through the plasma membrane
Sodium, potassium pump
Osmosis of macromolecules
Large quantities of ADP
A difference in H+ concentration on the two sides of the mitochondrial membrane
A process common to all living organisms, aerobic and anaerobic, is
Fermentation
The Krebs cycle
Electron transport chain reactions
D.
E. *
131.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
132.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
133.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
134.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
135.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
136.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
137.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
Pyruvate oxidation
Glycolysis
The oxygen utilized in cellular respiration finally shows up as
CO2
ATP
New O2
Part of a sugar
H2O
The electron transport chain consists all of the following except
NADH dehydrogenase
Cytochrome complex
Cytochrome c oxidase
Ubiquinone, Q
Oxygenase
A chemical reaction with a positive Go' would be considered a/an
Exergonic reaction
Energy generating reaction
Catabolic reaction
A and B
Endergonic reaction
The amount of energy required to bring all molecules to a reactive state prior to a chemical reaction is
called the reaction's _____________.
Free energy of formation
Van der Waal's energy
Go'
More than one of the above is correct
Activation energy
Which of the following would be considered one of a cell's electron carriers?
ATP
FAD
All of the above
More than one of the above, but not
NADH
The notion that ATP is generated by a proton gradient existing across a membrane is called
Proton motion
Cytochromic flow
Lactate reduction
A and D
Chemiosmotic theory
In an electron carrier system, the net energy change is determined by the difference in reduction
potentials between the
Primary electron donor and the terminal electron donor
Primary electron acceptor and the terminal electron acceptor
Primary electron acceptor and the terminal electron donor
Secondary electron acceptor and the terminal electron acceptor
Primary electron donor and the terminal electron acceptor
138.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
139.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
140.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
141.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
142.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
143.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
144.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
145.
A.
Which of the following takes place during oxidative phosphorilation in mitochondria
Protons are pumped from the matrix to the intermembrane space
Electrons are pumped from the matrix to the intermembrane space
Electrons are pumped from the intermembrane space to the matrix
NADP is pumped from the matrix to the intermembrane space
Protons are translocated from the intermembrane space to the matrix
In the mitochondria NADH and QH2 are oxidized by ____________.
Carbon dioxide
Hydrogen peroxide
Ozone
Water
Oxygen
The protonmotive force is a result of __________.
The flow of electrons from the matrix to the inner membrane space
The flow of protons within the inner mitochondrial membrane
All of the above
None of the above
A combination of an electrical potential and a chemical potential
The synthesis of one molecule of ATP from ADP requires _________ to be translocated across the
inner mitochondrial membrane.
One proton
Hundreds of protons
1 mole of protons
10 protons
About three protons
The enzyme complexes associated with oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain
can be classified as ___________ proteins.
Peripheral membrane
Lipid-anchored membrane
Water-soluble
Both a and c
Integral membrane
What has the highest reduction potential?
NADH
Complex I
Complex II
Cytochrom c
O2
Oxidative phosphorylation requires all of the items listed below except
ATP synthase in the correct position in the membrane
Enzyme complexes embedded in a membrane
The flow of electrons from NADH and QH2 in the membrane
A terminal electron acceptor which is O2 in mitochondria
A matrix more positively charged than the intermembrane space
The chemiosmotic theory explains
The phosphorylation of GDP
B.
C.
D.
E. *
146.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
147.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
148.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
149.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
150.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
151.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
152.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
The electron transport chain
The differences between inner and outer mitochondrial membranes
Aerobic respiration
The source of energy for formation of mitochondrial ATP
Phosphorylation at the expense of ATP is catalyzed by __________.
Phosphoryl isomerases
Phosphatases
All of the above
None of the above
Protein kinases
Enzymes are biological catalysts that enhance the rate of a reaction by:
Decreasing the amount of free energy released
Increasing the activation energy
Increasing the amount of free energy released
Increasing the energy of the transition state
Decreasing the activation energy
Energy requiring metabolic pathways that yield complex molecules from simpler precursors are:
Amphibolic
Autotrophic
Catabolic
Heterotrophic
Anabolic
Which molecule is an electron carrier that is carrying electrons?
NaCl
NAD+
NH4
(NH4)2SO4
NADH
Which of the following is true for all exergonic reactions?
A net input of energy from the surroundings is required for the reactions to proceed
The products have more total energy than the reactants
The reactions are nonspontaneous
The reactants have more total energy than the products
The reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy
Which metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration?
The Kreb’s cycle
Reduction of pyruvate to lactate
Synthesis of acetyl CoA from pyruvate
The electron transport chain
Glycolysis
Most CO2 produced during aerobic cellular respiration is released during
Oxidative phosphorylation
Lactate fermentation
Electron transport
Glycolysis
The Kreb’s cycle
153.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
154.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
155.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
156.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
157.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
158.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
159.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
Which of the following coenzymes would have to be continually present in the cell in order for the
oxidative reactions of glycolysis to continue?
FADH2
NADH
ATP
All of the above
NAD+
The electrons released by FADH2 during its oxidation to FAD by the electron transport system
finally end up as part of this molecule:
Glucose
Carbon dioxide
ATP
ADP
Water
In cellular metabolism, ATP provides energy by:
Releasing heat upon hydrolysis
Acting as a catalyst in chemical reactions
Stealing electrons from glucose and it’s intermediates
Oxidizing helper molecules
Releasing a terminal phosphate group
After adding of 1-2 drops of NADI-reagent on the boiled portion of muscles the color doesn't appear
- is the result of the:
Soulting-out of proteins
Enzyme renaturation
Enzyme decarboxilation
Activation of enzymes
Enzyme denaturation
A third class of inhibitors - hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon monoxide block electron
transport from:
Cytochrom c to CO2
Cytochrom b to c
Cytochrom b to aa3
NADH to Fe-S proteins
Cytochrome aa3 to oxygen
The formation of ATP from ADP and phosphate at the expense of the energy yielded by electron
transport to oxygen is called:
Substrate-level phosphorylation.
Tissue respiration
Peroxidation
Krebs cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation
How many reactions of substrate-level phosphorylation are in an organism?
2
4
5
12
3
160.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
161.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
162.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
163.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
164.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
165.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
166.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
The most important flavin-linked dehydrogenases of respiration and electron transport are located in
the:
Cytosol
Nucleus
Rybosoms
Lysosoms
Mitochondria
In general, the higher the intensity of exercise, the greater the proportional contribution of:
Aerobic energy production
The TCA cycle (Krebs’ cycle) to the production of ATP
The electron transfer chain to the production of ATP
Fat oxidation
Anaerobic energy production
The immediate energy source that drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase during oxidative
phosphorylation is:
The flow of electrons down the electron transport chain
The oxidation of glucose and other organic compounds
The transfer of phosphate to ADP
The affinity of oxygen for electrons
The H+ concentration gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane
Which of the following coenzymes would have to be continually present in the cell in order for the
oxidative reactions of glycolysis to continue?
FADH2
NADH
ATP
All of the above
NAD+
The direct energy source that drives ATP synthesis during respiratory oxidative phosphorylation is
Oxidation of glucose to CO2 and water
The thermodynamically favorable flow of electrons from NADH to the mitochondrial electron
transport carriers
The final transfer of electrons to oxygen
Thermodynamically favorable transfer of phosphate molecules (from glycolysis and Krebs cycle
intermediates) to ADP
The difference in H+ concentration on opposite sides of the inner mitochondrial membrane
The ATP produced during fermentation is generated by which of the following?
The electron transport chain
Krebs cycle
Chemiosmosis
Citric acid cycle
Substrate-level phosphorilation
Which process of cell respiration is most closely associated with intracellular membranes?
Fermentation
The Krebs cycle
Glycolysis
Substrate-level phosphorilation
Oxidative phosphorilation
167.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
168.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
169.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
170.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
171.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
172.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
173.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
174.
A.
During cell respiration, most ATP is formed as a direct result of the net movement of
Sodium ions diffusion across a membrane
Electrons flowing against a gradient
Electrons flowing througth a channel
Protons flowing against a gradient
Protons flowing througth a channel
Reactants capable of interacting to form products in a chemical reaction must first overcome a
thermodynamic barrier known as the reaction's
Entropy
Endothermic level
Free-energy content
Heat content
Activation energy
Compare the pH of the mitochondrial matrix and inner membrane space.
The pH is lower in the matrix
The pH in both regions is the same
None of these
A and B only
The pH is lower in the inner membrane space
Which of the following produces ATP, reduced coenzymes as high energy molecules and CO2 as its
major chemical waste product.
Electron transport
Glycolysis
beta – oxidation or fatty acids
Oxidative phosphorylation
Citric acid cycle
All of the following molecules are directly involved in the electron transport chain except
Coenzyme Q
O2
FADH2
Cytochrome c
Pyruvate
A reaction that is facilitated by FADH2 is most likely a(n)
Oxidation
Hydrolysis
Isomerization
None of the above
Reduction
The metal ion that acts as an electron carrier in the cytochromes in the electron transport chain is
Magnesium
Chromium
Cobalt
Hydrogen
Iron
?Which of the following statements is true about the role of O2 in electron transport?
As the final electron donator, O2 gets oxidized and becomes a part of an ATP molecule
B.
C.
D.
E. *
175.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
176.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
177.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
178.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
179.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
180.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
181.
A.
As the final electron acceptor, O2 gets reduced and becomes a part of an ATP molecule
As the final electron donator, O2 gets oxidized and becomes a part of a NADH molecule
None of the above
As the final electron acceptor, O2 gets reduced and becomes a part of a water molecule
The notion that ATP is generated by a proton gradient existing across a membrane is called
Proton motion
Lactate reduction
Cytochromic flow
Pyruvat decarboxilation
Chemiosmotic theory
The major reason that glycolysis is not as energy productive as respiration is that:
It is the pathway common to fermentation and respiration
It does not take place in a specialized membrane bound organelle
Pyruvate still contains much of the energy from glucose
Substrate level phosphorylation is not as energy efficient as oxidative phosphorylation
NAD+ is regenerated by alcohol or lactate production, without the high-energy electrons passing
through the electron transport chain
In the chemiosmotic mechanism:
The difference in pH between the intermembrane space and the cytosol drives the formation of
ATP
The flow of H+ through ATP synthases from the matrix to the intermembrane space drives the
phosphorylation of ADP
The energy released by the reduction and subsequent oxidation of components of the electron
transport chain is transferred as a phosphate to ADP
The produciton of water in the matrix by the reduciton of oxygen leads to a net flow of water out of
a mitochondrion
ATP produciton is linked to the proton gradient established by the electron transport chain
Where is ATP formed during oxidative phosphorylation?
In the mitochondria
In the cytoplasm
In the respiratory chain
On the cytochromes
On the ATP-synthase, which is located in the mitochondrial matrix and penetrate inner membrane
Ways of ATP formation in the organism:
Hydrolysis of simple proteins and separation of amino acid
Salting-out and denaturation of proteins
Decarboxilation of pyruvat and gluconeogenesis
All of above
Oxidative phosphorylation and substrate-level phosphorylation
There are four types of electron-transferring enzymes, except:
Pyridine-linked dehydrogenases
Flavin-linked dehydrogenases
Iron-sulfur proteins
Cytochromes
Retinol-isomerase
The iron-sulfur proteins appear to function as electron carriers by undergoing reversible :
Cu (I) to Cu (II) transitions
B.
C.
D.
E. *
182.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
183.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
184.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
185.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
186.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
187.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
188.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
Na (I) to Na (II) transitions
Mg (I) to Mg (II) transitions
None of the above
Fe(II)-Fe(III) transitions
The cytochromes are localized in the:
Cytosol
Nucleus
Ribosoms
Matrix of mitochondria
Inner mitochondrial membrane
FMN - prosthetic group of:
Lactate dehydrogenase
Alcohol dehydrogenase
Creatin kinase
Amino transferase
NADH- dehydrogenase
Antibiotic antimycin blocks electron transport in the span from:
NADH to Fe-S proteins
Cytochrome c to aa3
NADH to ubiquinone
NADH to cytochrome b
Cytochrome b to c1
NADI-reagent includes:
H2SO4 and alfa-naphtol
2,4 - dinitrophenol and C-naphtol
Starch and para-phenilendiamine
None of the above
Para-phenilendiamine and β-naphtol
The antibiotic oligomycin serves as:
Activator of respiratiry chain
The ingibitor of Krebs cycle
The ingibitor of substrate-level phosphorylation
None of the above
The inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation
The terminal cytochrome of mitochondrial respiration include tightly bounded:
Na
P
CI
Mg
Cu
How many ways of ATP formation are in the organism?
1
10
3
5
2
189.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
190.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
191.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
192.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
193.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
194.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
195.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
196.
The 1-st reaction of substrate-level phosphorylation takes place in the mitochondria matrix and is
located in:
Respiratory chain
Decarboxylation of pyruvate
Gluconeogenesis
Oxidation of fatty acids
Krebs cycle
Pyridine-linked dehydrogenases require as coenzymes:
FAD, FMN
TPP, TDP
Coenzyme A
THFA
NAD, NADP
Cytochromes a and a3 together are called :
Succinarte dehydrogenase
Transaminase
Ascorbate oxidase
None of the above
Cytochrome c oxidase
Several inhibitors block electron transport in the span between NADH and ubiquinone, except:
Rotenone
Amytal
Piericidin
Both A and B
Valinomicin
Sucrase hydrolyses sucrose into:
Glucose and galactose
Glucose and glucose
Glucose and mannose
None of the above
Glucose and fructose
The family of GluT (glucose transporters) is:
The proteins embedded into the cell membrane and inhibiting the glucose transport across the
membrane
The cytoplasmic proteins transporting glucose in the cytoplasm of cell
The proteins of blood plasma transporting glucose via the blood
None of the above
The proteins embedded into the cell membrane and facilitating the glucose transport across the
membrane
The main hormones that regulate the synthesis and decomposition of glycogen are:
Insulin, glucocorticoids, thyroxin
Gglucagons, glucocorticoids, vasopressin
Glucocorticoids, glucagons, epinephrine
All of the above
Insulin, glucagon, epinephrine
Glycolysis is defined as:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
197.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
198.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
199.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
200.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
201.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
202.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
203.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Aerobic process in which glucose is transformed to CO2 and H2O
Anaerobic process in which glucose is transformed to pyruvate
Anaerobic process in which glucose is converted to pentoses and NADPH is produced
Aerobic process in which glucose is converted to glycogen
Anaerobic process in which glucose is transformed to lactate
Glycolysis takes place in:
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Lysosomes
None of the above
Cytoplasm
The possible metabolic pathways for pyruvate in anaerobic conditions are:
Conversion to lactate or acetyl CoA
Conversion to ethanol or acetyl CoA
Conversion to lactate or ethanol or acetyl CoA
All of the above
Conversion to lactate or ethanol
How many molecules of ATP have to be spent during glycolysis?
1
3
4
0
2
How many substrate level phosphorylation reactions are in glycolysis?
1
3
4
0
2
The three control sites in glycolysis are the reactions catalyzed by:
Hexokinase, phosphofructokinase 1 and aldolase
Phosphofructokinase 1, aldolase and pyruvate kinase
Hexokinase, aldolase and pyruvate kinase
All of the above
Hexokinase, phosphofructokinase 1 and pyruvate kinase
Which metabolites link pentose phosphate pathway with glycolysis?
3-phosphoglyserate, 2-phosphoglycerate
Phosphoenolpyruvate, pyruvate
Fructose 1,6-biphosphate, phosphoenolpyruvate
None of the above
Fructose 6-phosphate, glucose 6-phosphate
Phosphofructokinase I deficiency results in:
An overproduction of Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate
Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate deficiency
A and c only
None of the above
E. *
204.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
205.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
206.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
207.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
208.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
209.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
210.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
An overproduction of fructose 6-phosphate
Which of the following is not regulated in glycolysis?
Pyruvate kinase
Hexokinase
PFK-1
A and D
Phosphoglycerate kinase
Which is not among the possible fates of pyruvate after glycolysis?
Conversion to lactate
Further reduction by the citric acid cycle
Conversion to ethanol
All of the above
Used in the biosynthesis of alanine
What chemical species activates the GLUT4 protein to transport glucose into cells?
Adrenaline
Protein kinase A
PFK-2
All of the above
Insulin
A patient is found to be deficient in the enzyme galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase.
Specifically due to this deficiency what might a doctor recommend?
Avoid all strenuous exercise
Eat a fat-free diet
Increase intake of vitamin C
All of the above.
Avoid ingestion of milk and milk products
The enzyme which the key regulatory step in glycogen biosynthesis is
Glycogenin
Branching enzyme
Phosphoglucomutase
UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase
Glycogen synthase
Which is not a function of the main products of the pentose phosphate pathway?
To maintain the reduced form of iron in hemoglobin
To provide reducing power for the synthesis of fatty acids
To serve as precursors in the biosynthesis of RNA and DNA
None of the above
To raise the concentration of cAMP
The non-oxidative stage of the pentose phosphate pathway produces substances that are intermediates
of ___________.
The citric acid cycle
The Cori cycle
Glycogenolysis
None of the above
Glycolysis
211.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
212.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
213.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
214.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
215.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
216.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
217.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
218.
A.
B.
Fragments containing three carbons can be transferred from a ketose phosphate to an aldose
phosphate by the enzyme ________________.
Pyruvate carboxylase
Debranching enzyme
Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase
None of the above
Transaldolase
Which of the following is not regulated in glycolysis?
Pyruvate kinase
Hexokinase
PFK-1
Glucokinase
Phosphoglycerate kinase
The conversion of pyruvate to ethanol also causes the ______________.
Production of ADP
Consumption of O2
Generation of an ion gradient across mitochondrial membranes
None of the above
Oxidation of NADH
The enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate is _________.
Lactate reductase
Pyruvate kinase
Lactoenolpyruvate
None of the above
Lactate dehydrogenase
Which substance causes muscles to ache during strenuous exercise?
Pyruvic acid
Lactose dehydrogenase
Lactate ion
None of the above
Lactic acid
The activity of which glycolytic enzyme shown below is not used to control the rate of glycolysis?
PFK-1
Pyruvate kinase
Hexokinase
None of the above
Triose phosphate isomerase
The slowing of glycolysis in the presence of oxygen is called the ________ effect.
Bohr
Michaelis-Menton
Pauling
None of the above
Pastuer
The pentose phosphate pathway has two primary products. They are _________.
ATP and NADPH
Oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA
C.
D.
E. *
219.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
220.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
221.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
222.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
223.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
224.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
225.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
Sorbitol and fructose
A and d
Ribose-5-phosphate and NADPH
An enzyme that catalyzes conversions of L-sugars to D-sugars is called an
Lyase
Hydrolase
Synthetase
Synthase
Isomerase
In the oxygen insufficiency glycolisis is used as the energy source. Select glycolisis among the below
mentioned processes.
Glucose to CO2 and H2O oxidation
Pyruvate to acetyl CoA oxidation
Glucose to glucuronic acid oxidation
Glycogen to glucose oxidation
Glucose to lactate oxidation
In which of the below-mentioned glycolysis reactions substrate level phosphorylation takes place?
Aldolase
Phosphofructokinase
Lactate dehydrogenase
Hexokinase
Pyruvate kinase
The normal concentration of lactate in blood is:
4,4-6,6 mmol/l
3,3-5,5 mmol/l
4,4-5,5 mmol/l
5,5-6,6 mmol/l
1-2 mmol/l
The products of sucrose decomposition in the intestine are:
Glucose, galactose
Fructose, galactose
Maltose, ribose
Ribose, glucose
Glucose, fructose
The products of lactose decomposition in the intestine are:
Glucose, fructose
Fructose, galactose
Maltose, ribose
Ribose, glucose
Glucose, galactose
Which enzyme of glycolysis requires insulin as activator?
Glucose-6-phosphatase, phosphoglucomutase
Glucose-6-phosphate-isomerase, aldolase
Aldolase, lactate dehydrogenase
Phosphoglucomutase, aldolase
Hexokinase
226.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
227.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
228.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
229.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
230.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
231.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
232.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
233.
A.
B.
C.
The preparatory stage of glycolysis ends with the formation of:
Fructose-1,6-diphosphate
Glucose-6-phosphate
2-phosphoglycerate
Phosphoenolpyruvate
Two trioses (dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehydetryphosphate)
Name the glycolysis reactions, flowing with the formation of ATP:
Hexokinase, enolase
Enolase, aldolase
Pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase
Hexokinase, phosphofructokinase
Phosphoglycerate kinase, pyruvate kinase
Metabolite, formed in the process of glucose phosphorylation under influence of hexokinase is:
Fructose-1-phosphate
Fructose-6-phosphate
Glucose-1,6-diphosphate
Fructose-1,6-diphosphate
Glucose-6-phosphate
Enzyme which catalyzes the first glycolysis reaction:
Glucose-6-phosphatase
Phosphorylase
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
Amylase
Hexokinase
The products, which are formed by the decomposition of fructose-1,6-biphosphate in the glycolysis:
Glycerol, pyruvate
Pyruvate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate
Lactic acid, acetyl CoA
Acetyl CoA, glycerin
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
Energetic value of anaerobic glycolysis:
10 ATP molecules
4 ATP molecules
40 ATP molecules
32 ATP molecules
2 ATP molecules
How many ATP molecules are formed with complete oxidation of glucose in aerobic condition?
2
8
42
30
38
The process of glucose oxidation in anaerobic condition is:
Glyconeogenesis
Glycogenolysis
Glycogenogenesis
D.
E. *
234.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
235.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
236.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
237.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
238.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
239.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
240.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
Lipolysis
Glycolisis
The regulatory reaction of glycolysis is:
Lactate dehydrogenase
Glucose-6-phosphatase
Aldolase
Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase
Pyruvate kinase
The end product of anaerobic glycolysis is:
Pyruvate
Ethanol
Acetic acid
Glycerine aldehyde
Lactic acid
Name the glycolysis reaction, which requires ATP energy:
Hexokinase, enolase
Enolase, aldolase
Pyruvatekinase
Phosphoglucomutase, enolase
Hexokinase, phosphofructokinase 1
Where in the cell reactions of glycolysis are localized?
Mitochondria
Lysosomes
Microsomes
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of fructose-1,6-diphosphate disintegration into two trioses in the
process of glycolysis is named:
Glucokinase
Glucose-6-phosphatase
Phosphofructikinase
Enolase
Aldolase
Choose irreversible reactions of glycolysis:
Aldolase, hexokinase, lactate dehydrogenase
Enolase, aldolase, pyruvate kinase
Phosphoglycerate kinase, enolase, lactate dehydrogenase
Pyruvate kinase, phosphoglycerate kinase, aldolase
Hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvatekinase
The inhibitor of phosphofructikinase in the glycolysis is:
Guanosine monophosphate
Cytidine monophosphate
Guanosine triphosphate
Uridine diphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate
241.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
242.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
243.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
244.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
245.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
246.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
247.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
How many ATP molucules are formed as a result of anaerobic oxidation of a single glucose molecule
(net output)?
6
8
4
1
2
Enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of transformation acetaldehyde to ethanol is:
Pyruvate decarboxylase
Malate dehydrogenase
Lactate dehydrogenase
Succinate dehydrogenase
Alcohol dehydrogenase
The end produtcs of aerobic glucose oxidation:
Lactic acid
CO2 and H2O
Ethanol
Acetaldehyde
Pyruvate
The concentration of glucose in the blood is normal. Which of the below-mentioned index proves
this?
3-10 mmol/l
4-8 mmol/l
10-15 g/l
1-2 mmol/l
3,3-5,5 mmol/l
Glycolysis has 2 stages. The peculiarities of preparatory stage are:
Phosphorylation and energy secretion
Glycolysis metabolites oxidation
Are performed the reactions of substrate phosphorylation
Formation of pyruvate
Energy usage
The biological functions of glycolysis are the following, except:
Getting energy by short way
ATP formation by substrate level phosphorylation
Usage of intermediate metabolites for lipids synthesis
Usage of metabolites fo glyconeogenesis
ATP formation by oxidative phosphorylation
Yeast will normally convert pyruvate to ethanol. Why is this better for the yeast than a conversion to
lactate?
Conversion to ethanol releases more NAD+ per mole than the conversion to lactate
The carbon atoms are more oxidized in ethanol than in lactate
Ethanol production is not better. Yeast normally produces ethanol and lactate in equilmolar
amounts
A and B only
Ethanol is neutral, but lactate production is accompanied by a sharp decrease in pH
248.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
249.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
250.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
251.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
252.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
253.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
254.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
255.
The activity of which glycolytic enzyme shown below is not used to control the rate of glycolysis?
PFK-1
Pyruvate kinase
Hexokinase
Glucokinase
Triose phosphate isomerase
How does the number of molecules of ATP produced compare for conversion of one molecule of
either glucose or fructose to pyruvate?
Fructose produces one less ATP than glucose
Fructose produces one more ATP than glucose
Fructose produces twice the number of ATP compared to glucose
Fructose produces two more ATP than glucose
Fructose produces the same number of ATP's
The sequence of glucose oxidation to lactate in peripheral tissues, delivery of lactate to the liver,
formation of glucose from lactate in the liver, and delivery of glucose back to peripheral tissues is
known as the ______.
Glyoxylate cycle
Kreb's cycle
Gluconeogenesis cycle
None of the above
Cori cycle
Which is not a possible fate of mitochondrial pyruvate?
Conversion to oxaloacetate by pyruvate carboxylase
Conversion to acetyl CoA
Conversion to citrate for fatty acid synthesis
A, b and c
Conversion to phosphoenolpyruvate by pyruvate kinase
Which molecule cannot be directly transported from the mitochondria to the cytosol?
Acetate
Malate
Phosphoenolpyruvate
A and c
Oxaloacetate
What types of reactions are involved in the two-step conversion of glucose to fructose?
Two sequential hydrolysis reactions
Hydrolysis followed by isomerization (rearrangement)
Phosphorylation followed by dephosphorylation
Phosphorylation followed by reduction
Reduction followed by oxidation
The pentose phosphate pathway has two primary products. They are _________.
ATP and NADPH
Oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA
Sorbitol and fructose
Ribose-5-phosphate and FADH2
Ribose-5-phosphate and NADPH
Which is not a function of the main products of the pentose phosphate pathway?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
256.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
257.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
258.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
259.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
260.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
261.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
262.
A.
B.
To maintain the reduced form of iron in hemoglobin
To provide reducing power for the synthesis of fatty acids
To serve as precursors in the biosynthesis of RNA and DNA
D and C
To raise the concentration of cAMP
The non-oxidative stage of the pentose phosphate pathway produces substances that are intermediates
of ___________.
The citric acid cycle
The Cori cycle
Glycogenolysis
B and C
Glycolysis
The major regulatory step of the pentose phosphate pathway is catalyzed by which enzyme?
Transaldolase
Phosphofructokinase-1
Ribose 5-phosphate isomerase
Hexokinase
Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase
Which is a reasonable concentration for glucose in the blood?
0.5 mM
50 mM
5M
3.5 M
5 mM
At starvation how long in humans glycogen store in a liver may be used?
10 minutes
4 hours
1 week
2 weeks
24 hours
What is the prosthetic group of transketolase?
Biotin
Pyridoxal phosphate
NAD+
FAD
Thiamine pyrophosphate
A basic role in digestion of carbohydrates in a digestive tract belongs to following enzymes:
Alfa-amylase, hexokinase, lactase
Maltase, sucrase, enterokinase
Sucrase, maltase, glycogen phosphorylase
Aldolase, glucokinase, beta-amylase
Lactase, alfa-amylase, sucrase
For absorption of galactose and fructose into the enterocytes of intestine the presence of such ions is
needed:
Mg2+
Zn2+
C.
D.
E. *
263.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
264.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
265.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
266.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
267.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
268.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
269.
A.
B.
C.
Ca2+
H+
Na+
Choose from the below mentioned carbohydrates those, which contains a galactose:
Heparin
Maltose
Sucrose
Starch
Lactose
From the diet of a boy with such symptoms of galactosemia as vomiting, diarrhea,
underdevelopment, galactosuria, it is necessary to eliminate:
Fats
Meat, fish
Tea, coffees
Fruits
Milk and milk products
The reason of cataract development in children with galactosemia is a decrease of such enzyme
activity in a lens as:
Glucokinase
Galactomutase
Aldolase
UDP-glucuronil transferase
Galactose-1- phosphate uridiltransferase
A UDP-galactose is used as a donor of galactose for the reaction of synthesis of:
Lactose (in a mammary gland)
Glycoproteins
Glycolipids
Proteoglycans
All answers are correct
Transformation: D- galactose -1-phosphate + UDP-glucose>D-glucose-1- phosphate + UDP-1galactose, catalyses an enzyme:
Hexokinase
Phosphoglucomutase
Glucokinase
UDP-galactopyrophosphorilase
Galactose-1- phosphate uridiltransferase
Galactose of food joins metabolism by transformation of it into:
Ribulose-5- phosphate
Fructose-1,6-biphosphate
Glycerophosphate
Fructose-1- phosphate
Glucose-1- phosphate
The innate undigestion of fructose is related to the genetic defect of enzyme:
Hexokinase
Phosphofructokinase
Phosphoglucoisomerase
D.
E. *
270.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
271.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
272.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
273.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
274.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
275.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
276.
A.
B.
C.
Enolase
Fructose-1-phosphate aldolase
Phosphorylation of fructose is catalyzed by enzymes:
Hexokinase and enolase
Phosphofructokinase and enolase
Phosphofructokinase and phosphoglucoisomerase
Fructose-1-phosphate aldolase and hexokinase
Fructokinase and nonespecific hexokinase
For transformation of fructose into fructose -1, 6-dyphosphate enzyme and______ are needed:
ADP
NADP
Co A
Fructose-1-phosphate
ATP
What enzyme catalyzes transformation of fructose -6-phosphate into glucose -6-phosphate?
Phosphofructokinase
Phosphoglucomutase
Triosophosphateisomerase
Enolase
Phosphoglucoisomerase
Fructose -6-phosphate in muscles, kidneys, adipocytes joins glycolysis by its transformation under
the action of phosphofructokinase into fructose -1, 6-byphosphate. Which components are needed for
this reaction?
AMP and Zn2+
GTP and Ca2+
UTP and Na+
GDP and Mg2+
ATP and Mg2+
In muscles of person after hard physical work _____ accumulates:
Glycogen
Pyruvate
Glucose
CO2 and H2O
Lactate
The accumulation of phosphorylated monosaccharides in the hepatocytes does not result in the
osmotic transfer of water and swelling of cells because glucose -6-phosphate converts into insoluble:
Starch
Dekstrins
Cellulose
Triacylglycerol
Glycogen
The reactions of alcohol fermentation and glycolysis are same to the stage of pyruvate which farther
under action of pyruvate decarboxylase converts into:
Ethanol
Lactate
Glycerol
D.
E. *
277.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
278.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
279.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
280.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
281.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
282.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
283.
A.
B.
C.
Glyceraldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Mature red cells, retina, kidneys medulla, utilize energy mainly of glycolytic decomposition of
glucose because in the cells of these organs and tissues:
The TCA does not function
The respiratory chain is absent
There are no any mitochondria
High activity of glycolytic enzymes
All answers are correct
Converting of glucose into lactic acid consists of eleven reactions. Several of reactions as activators
need ions:
Zn2+
Ca2+
ClNa+
Mg2+
Choose the reaction of glycolysis, which catalyzed by phosphoglucoisomerase:
Glucose -6-phosphate > glucose -1-phosphate
Glucose -6-phosphate > glucose
Glucose G glucose > 6-phosphate
Glucose -1-phosphate > fructose -6-phosphate
Glucose -6-phosphate > fructose -6-phosphate
The major regulatory enzyme of glycolysis is phosphofructokinase, the activators of which are:
ATP and citrate
Lactate and AMP
Malonate and ATP
Ions of Zn2+ and Na+
AMP and ADP
The preparatory stage of glycolysis ends with formation of glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate and
dioxyacetone phosphate. This reaction catalyzed by an enzyme:
Phosphoglyceratekinase
Hexokinase
Enolase
Phosphoglyceratemutase
Aldolase
For activation of glucose molecule and it preparation to the splitting into two trioses in the
glycolysis______ is (are) used:
1 ATP
5 ATP
12 ATP
8 ATP
2 ATP
In anaerobic glycolysis which does not need mitochondrial respiratory chain, ATP forms with:
One reaction of the substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation
Three reactions of the substrate level phosphorylation
One reaction of the substrate level phosphorylation
D.
E. *
284.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
285.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
286.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
287.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
288.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
289.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
290.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Two reactions of the oxidative phosphorylation
Two reactions of the substrate level phosphorylation
Last reaction of anaerobic glycolysis: Pyruvate > lactate is catalyzed with NAD-dependent enzyme:
Pyruvate kinase
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
Lactase
Enolase
Lactate dehydrogenase
What from the below mentioned functions is not specific to glycolysis?
Providing of organism energy at the hypoxia
Formation of dihydroxyacetone phosphate that is reduced to the glycerophosphate
Formation of pyruvate and lactate for their transformations in aerobic conditions
Energy source for malignant cells
Synthesis of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation
The product of aerobic glycolysis is:
1,3- biphosphoglycerate
Acetyl-CoA
Enolphosphopyruvate
Lactate
Pyruvate
The sequence of reactions of alcohol fermentation is the same, as a sequence of reactions of
glycolysis to the stage of such product formation as:
Lactate
3- phosphoglycerate
2-phosphoglycerate
Two trioses
Pyruvate
In the process of alcohol fermentation, which in the human organism takes place in the cavity of
intestine, acetaldehyde is reduces to the ethanol with:
NADPH•H+
FAD•H2
FMN•H2
CoQ•H2
NADH•H+
The reaction of ethanol formation at the alcohol fermentation is catalyzed by an enzyme:
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
Enolase
Lactate dehydrogenase
Pyruvate decarboxylase
Alcohol dehydrogenase
The transport of hydrogen from cytoplasmic NADH to the respiratory chain of internal mitochondrial
membrane takes place with a help of:
Carnitine
Simple diffusion
Permeases
Ionophores
E. *
291.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
292.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
293.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
294.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
295.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
296.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
297.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
Malate-aspartate shuttle system
In liver, myocardium and kidneys a malate-aspartate shuttle system per one molecule of NADH•H+
provides formation of:
1 ATP
8 ATP
12 ATP
15 ATP
3 ATP
In skeletal muscles and cells of brain a transfer of hydrogen from cytoplasmatic NADH•H+ is carries
out by:
Ionophores
Permeases
Carnytin
Malate-aspartate shuttle system
Glycerophosphate shuttle system
A glycerophosphate shuttle system per one molecule of cytoplasmatic NADH•H+
15 ATP
12 ATP
2 ATP
3 ATP
8 ATP
Cofactors of dehydrogenases are all below mentioned, except one:
NAD+
NADP+
FMN
FAD
c-AMP
ic oxidation of pyruvate to CO2 and H2O results in formation of ____molecules ATP:
38 ATP
12 ATP
3 ATP
2 ATP
15 ATP
Glucose, that transferred with blood from an intestine to liver, is utillized in all processes, except:
Formation of glycogen
Oxidation to CO2 and H2O with selection of energy
Convertion into fats for srorrage of energy
Is carried by blood to the brain as a source of energy
Is used for detoxification of ammonia
The key intermediate product of carbohydrate metabolism – glucose-6-phosphate – can be
transformed in a liver in all ways, except:
Glycogen synthesis
Glucose-6-phosphate under the action of specific phosphatases formes free glucose
Aerobic glycolisis to pyruvate
Spliting to CO2 and H2O with ATP release
Transforms into uracyl
298.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
299.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
300.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
301.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
302.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
303.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
304.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
305.
A.
B.
What enzyme transformes glucose in a liver into glucose-6-phosphate?
Phosphoglucomutase
Phosphatase
Fructokinase
Glucose isomerase
Hexokinase
Name 2 products of the first reaction of penthose phosphate pathway in a liver:
Glucose and phosphatidic acid
NADH and pentose
Gluconic acid and ribulose
Glucose-1,6-diphosphate and NADPH
6-phosphogluconolactone and NADPH
The enzymes of glycolysis are located in the:
Mitochondrion
Nucleus
Lysosomes
Interstitial fluid
Cytoplasm
Glycerol is converted to ___________ when it is used for gluconeogenesis.
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
Phosphoenolpyruvate
Oxaloacetate
None of the above
3-phosphoglycerate
Which substance causes muscles to ache during strenuous exercise?
Pyruvic acid
Lactose dehydrogenase
Lactate ion
None of the above
Lactic acid
What chemical species activates the GLUT4 protein to transport glucose into cells?
Adrenaline
Protein kinase A
PFK-2
None of the above
Insulin
An enzyme is specific. This means
It has a certain amino acid sequence
It is found only in a certain place
It functions only under certain environmental conditions
It occurs in only one type of cell
It speeds up a particular chemical reaction
Some enzymes involved in the hydrolysis of ATP cannot function without help of sodium ions.
Sodium in this case functions as
A substrate
An active site
C.
D.
E. *
306.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
307.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
308.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
309.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
310.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
311.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
312.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
A noncompetitive inhibitor
A vitamin
A cofactor
The term given to the number of substrate molecules an enzyme can process per second –
Reaction rate
Optimal rate
Turnover rate
The substrate processing number
Michaelis constant
Enzymes
Enhance reaction rates
Are affected by pH
Act on specific substrates
Are affected by temperature
All of the above
Enzymes lower the activation energy for biochemical reactions. They do this by _______.
Creating energy for use in the reactions they catalyze
Releasing energy which ultimately lowers the activation energy
Diffusion of Na and K through the Na-K pump
Always having a higher energy than the substrates
Forming a substrate-enzyme complex
The type of enzyme inhibition that lowers the rate at which a process proceeds by rivaling the
substrate for the active site is known as _________ inhibition.
Uncompetitive
Uncompetitive
Feedback
Allosteric
Competitive
Allosteric enzymes _____________.
Usually have quaternary structure
Do not behave according to Michaelis-Menton kinetics
Often have separate catalytic and regulator domains
All of the above
Bind allosteric modulators at sites not associated with substrate binding
A reversible inhibitor that only binds to the ES complex is referred to as a _____.
Competitive inhibitor
Non-competitive inhibitor
Suicide inhibitor
Irreversible inhibitor
Uncompetitive inhibitor
Enzyme cofactors that bind covalently at the active site of an enzyme are referred to as _________.
Cosubstrates
Apoenzymes
Vitamins
Isoenzymes
Prosthetic groups
313.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
314.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
315.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
316.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
317.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
318.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
319.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
320.
A.
B.
A reversible inhibitor that can bind to either E alone or the ES complex is referred to as a _____.
Competitive inhibitor
Uncompetitive inhibitor
Suicide inhibitor
Irreversible inhibitor
Non-competitive inhibitor
Enzymes that are activated by proteolytic cleavage are referred to as __________.
Covalently modified enzymes
Enzyme complexes
Polymerized
Free radicals
Zymogens
An enzyme without its required co-factor prosthetic group is referred to as
the____________________.
Cenzyme
Apoenzyme
Izoensymes
None of the above
Holoenzyme
A holoenzyme refers to the form of the enzyme__________________.
That does not have the cofactor attached
That is normally inactive
None of the above
That has only prosthetic group
That has the cofactor attached
The activity of a zymogen is activated by____________.
Covalent modifications
Allosteric regulation
Association/disassociation of subunits
None of the above
Proteolytic modification
Most enzymes are composed of.
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Phosphates
Vitamins
Proteins
Unlike typical catalyzed reactions in organic chemistry enzyme reactions are
Usually stereospecific
Reaction specific
Essentially 100% efficient
Modulated to change activity levels
All of the these
In an enzyme reaction involving one enzyme and one substrate, the rate of the reaction depends on
Substrate concentration
Enzyme concentration
C.
D.
E. *
321.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
322.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
323.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
324.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
325.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
326.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
327.
A.
B.
The enzyme concentration at first and the substrate concentration later on
Speed of reaction
Both substrate and enzyme concentrations
An inhibitor binds to a site other than the active site of the enzyme. Which statement below correlates
with this observation?
It must be a competitive inhibitor
The inhibition must be irreversible
It could be irreversible, competitive, noncompetitive or uncompetitive. The data do not relate to the
type of inhibition
None of above
It could be noncompetitive or uncompetitive inhibition
Because coenzymes are specific for the chemical groups that they accept and donate, they are
referred to as
Cofactors
Reactive centers
Activator ions
All of the above
Group-transfer reagents
An ion commonly found in metalloenzymes and which can undergo reversible oxidation and
reduction is
Ca++
Mg++
S
All of the above
Fe++
Coenzymes which must return to their original form after each catalysis are called
Prosthetic groups
Holoenzymes
Metabolite coenzymes
Vitamin coenzymes
All of the above
Acyl-group-transfer reactions often involve which coenzyme?
NAD+
Cytochrome c
All of the above
None of the above
Coenzyme A
Pyridoxal phosphate is involved in which type of reaction?
Oxidation of pyruvate
Phosphate-transfer to produce ATP from ADP
The regeneration of methionine from homocysteine
None of the above
Production of new amino acids by transamination
The enzymes are inherent all physical and chemical properties of proteins, except:
High molecular mass
Breaking up to amino acid during a hydrolysis
C.
D.
E. *
328.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
329.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
330.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
331.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
332.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
333.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
334.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Formation of colloid solutions
Antigen properties
Stable to influence of high temperatures and salts of heavy metals
What component is not included in the structure of holoenzymes?
Apoenzyme
Coenzyme
Cofactor
Prostetic group
Izoenzyme
Which vitamin does not serve as a coenzyme?
B1
B2
B5
B12
С
An ions of what metal do porphyrine coenzymes contain?
Na
Zn
Mo
Mn
Fe
Which enzymes does not contain a porphyrine coenzymes?
Cytochrome b, с
Catalase
Peroxidase
Cytochrome а1, а
Phosphatase
What level of protein’s structure organization is responsible for formation of active site and its
catalytic action?
Primary
Secondary
Quaternary
None from following
Tertiary
Which amino acids residue does not enter in the composition of active site of enzyme?
Serine
Cystein
Histidin
Thyrosin
Arginine
In formation of temporal complex between an enzyme and substrate important role belongs to all
below mentioned chemical bonds, except:
Disulfide
Ion
Hydrogen bonds
Hydrophobic interactions
E. *
335.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
336.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
337.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
338.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
339.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
340.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
341.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
342.
A.
B.
Peptide
How many active centers can have enzymes?
1
3
2
10
Depends on the amount of subunits of enzyme
Allosteric centers serve as:
The place relation of enzyme with substrate
Catalytic area
Contact area
The area of the spatially united amino acid residues separation
The place of the effect on the enzyme different regulators
What method is used for separation of izoenzymes?
Dialysis
Chromatography
Centrifugation
X-ray analysis
Electrophoresis in gel
What feature is not common for all izoenzymes?
Action on the one substrate
Catalysis of identical reactions
Finding in different tissues
Izoenzymes are specific for most enzymes, that consist of a several subunits
Electrophoretic mobility
What is not a type of enzymes specificity?
Relative
Absolute
Stereospecificity
Both C and D
Conformational
Enzymes with relative specificity are:
Urease
Arginase, sucrase
Succinate dehydrogenase
Alcohol dehydrogenase
Lipase, protease
Temperature optimum of enzymes - is:
Temperature which causes denaturation of enzymes
A velosity of reaction at the temperature 48-560С
The best conditions for bringing together of enzyme and substrate
Temperature at which metabolic processes are inhibited
Temperature at which speed of enzymatic reaction is maximal
The term ligase refers to a class of enzymes that catalyzes_________.
Oxidation reduction reactions
Reactions involving the transfer of a functional group from one molecule to another
C.
D.
E. *
343.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
344.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
345.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
346.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
347.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
348.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
349.
A.
B.
Hydrolytic cleavages
All of the above
Reactions where two molecules are joined together
Which cofactor has the following properties: a) forms Schiff base, b) its precursor is absorb dietarily
as Vitamin B6, c) is required in a number of reactions in amino acid metabolism.
Thiamin pyrophosphate
Biotin
Lipoamide
Nicotinamid
Pyridoxal phosphate
Mg2+ is used as a(n) by metal activate enzymes that utilize negatively charged substrates like ATP.
Metalloenzyme
Prosthetic group
Co-substrate
Ingibitor ion
Activator ion
The Michaelis constant, Km, is
The maximum velocity that any given enzyme reaction can achieve
The substrate concentration which gives the best enzyme assay for an enzyme reaction
The maximal velocity divided in half
All of the above
The substrate concentration when the reaction is half the way toward the maximal velocity
Which statement is false about regulatory enzymes that are controlled allosterically?
They are often larger than other enzymes
They have more than one binding site
They often catalyze the first step in a reaction pathway
They have more than two binding site
They are always less active when a modulator is bound to them
In a multienzyme complex the process of directly transferring a product of one reaction to the next
active site without allowing it to enter the bulk solvent is termed _______.
A ping-pong reaction
The activity pathway
The sequential mode
All of the above
Metabolite channeling
What shape would a graph of reaction velocity versus pH have for an enzyme that uses both a proton
donor and a proton acceptor during catalysis (both acid and base catalysis)?
Sigmoidal
Hyperbolic
Exponential
Linear
Bell-shaped
The Fischer's lock and key theory of enzyme specificity view the _______ as the lock and _______
as the key.
Substrate; enzyme
Enzyme; transition state
C.
D.
E. *
350.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
351.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
352.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
353.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
354.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
355.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
356.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
Transition state; enzyme
Substrate; transition state
Enzyme; substrate
Active holoenzymes are formed from ____________ in the presence of _________
Cofactors; proteins
Proteins; cofactors
Apoenzymes; proteins
Apoenzymes; inactive holoenzymes
Apoenzymes; cofactors
During electrophoresis of LDH in blood serum was found out predominance of LDH1 and LDH2
content. Pathology of what organ does it testify?
Lungs
Liver
Muscles
Spleen
Heart
What from the below mentioned enzymes is a polyenzyme complex?
Transketolase
Succinate dehydrogenase
Aldolase
Glucose-6-phosphatase
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
Which property is common for enzymes and inorganic catalysts?
Specificity
Dependence from temperature
Dependence from рН
High catalytic activity
Catalysis only thermodynamically possible reactions
Specificity of enzyms is caused by all the following factors, except:
Conformational complementary
Electrostatic complementary
Structure of active site of enzyme
Proteins nature
Structure of allosteric site
An allosteric inhibitor of an enzyme usually
Binds to the active site
Denatures the enzyme
Causes the enzyme to work faster
Is a hydrophobic compound
Participates in feedback regulation
Enzymes:
Are composed of polypeptides
Can bind prosthetic groups such as metal ions that participate in enzyme reactions
Have defined structures
Bind their substrates at active sites
All statements are true
357.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
358.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
359.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
360.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
361.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
362.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
363.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
364.
A.
A reaction is designated as exergonic rather than endergonic when ___________.
Activation energy exceeds net energy release
Activation energy is necessary
No kinetic energy is released
It absorbs more energy
The potential energy of the products is less than the potential energy of the reactants
If the tertiary structure of an enzyme is changed _____.
It will be missing one of its polypeptides
The helical coil will be stretched out
The product of the reaction will be a different molecule
Its substrate will bond covalently with the wrong part of the molecule
Its substrate may not fit properly in the active site
An enzyme is specific. This means
It has a certain amino acid sequence
It is found only in a certain place
It functions only under certain environmental conditions
It speeds up a particular chemical reaction
It occurs in only one type of cell
During allosteric or feed back, inhibition
Transcription of mRNA specific for the enzymes involved in the pathway is repressed by the
pathway's end product
Enzyme concentrations in the cell remain relatively constant
All of the above apply to feedback inhibition
More than one of the above, but not all, apply to feedback inhibition
The pathway's end product represses the activity of the first enzyme in the pathway
Covalent modifications that increase the activity of allosterically regulated enzymes do so by
______________.
Causing the enzyme to fold into a more active configuration
Increasing the amount of total enzyme present
A and B only
All of the above
Adding phosphate groups to essential amino acids in the active site
Enzymes that are allosterically regulated ____________________.
Are multimeric proteins
Do not behave according to the Michaelis-Menton equation
All of the above
Are monomeric proteins
Possess regulatory and catalytic domains
By effectors can serve some substances, except:
Hormones
Mediators of the nervous system
Metals
Products of enzymatic reactions
Vitamins
Izoenzymes are differ by some physical and chemical properties, except:
Electrophoretic mobility
B.
C.
D.
E. *
365.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
366.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
367.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
368.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
369.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
370.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
Molecular activity
Stability
Difference of their primary structure
Presence in different tissues
Which of the following cofactors is able to bind CO2 and transfer it to an appropriate acceptor
molecule?
Pyridoxal phosphate
Thiamin pyrophophosphate
Lipoamide
NAD(P)H
Biotin
The biooxidation of xenobiotics takes place due to microsomal oxidation with enzyme cytochrome
P-450. What metal is the obligatory constituent of this enzyme?
Zn
Na
Mg
K
Fe
For diminishing of a patient’s depression used preparation, which inhibits enzyme, catalyzing
decomposition of biogenic amines. Name this enzyme:
LDH (lactate dehydrogenase)
CPK (creatin phosphokinase)
ASAT (aspartate amino transferase)
ALAT (alanine amino transferase)
MAO (mono amino oxidase)
Enzymes catalyze transfer of structural fragments from one substrate to other with formation of two
products. Name the class of this enzyme.
Isomerase
Oxidoreductase
Ligase
Hydrolase
Transferase
New antibiotics are synthesized with fermentative transformations of natural antibiotics. What from
the below named forms of enzymes are widely used in pharmaceutical industry?
Inactive enzymes
Denaturized enzymes
Complex of enzyme with a coenzyme
Complex of enzyme with an activator
Immobilized enzymes
For a diet therapy at indigestion of milk for children used milk with diminished maintenance of
lactose by fermentative way. What enzyme is used for this aim?
Beta-glycosidase
Alpha- glycosidase
Alpha-amylase
Beta- amylase
Beta-galactosidase
371.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
372.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
373.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
374.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
375.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
376.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
377.
A.
B.
During a gastric secretion proteolytic enzymes are secreted as proenzymes. What enzyme is activated
by hydrochloric acid:
Trypsinogen
Amylase
Lipase
Chymotrypsinogen
Pepsinogen
The protective function of saliva is predefined a few mechanisms, including presence of enzyme,
which has a bactericidal action, causes the lysis of polysaccharide complex of membranes of
staphylococcuss, streptococci. Name this enzyme.
Beta-glyucuronidase
Alfa-amylase
Oligo-1,6-glucosidase
Collagenase
Lysozyme
In the human organism single-electron reduction of molecular oxygen superoxide, hydroxyl radicals
and hydrogen peroxide, which have high reactional ability. A hydrogen peroxide can be inactivated
in an organism by:
Ceruloplasmin
Glutathione reductase
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
Superoxide dismutase
Catalase
Name laboratory tests which might be conducted for the patients to prove suspicion about an acute
pancreatitis:
Total blood test
Activity of LDH
Activity of AlAT
A level of sugar in blood
Activity of amylase in urine and blood
In blood of patient were found out the increase of LDH 4,5, AlAT, carbamoyl ornithine transferase
activity. In which organ is it possible development of pathological process?
In a cardiac muscle (the heart attack of myocardium is possible)
In skeletal muscles
In kidneys
In connective tissue
In a liver (hepatitis is possible)
The list of cofactors which are able to carry electrons and protons in the process of fermentative
reactions is below named, except of one cofactor which carries chemical groups only. Choose it:
NAD
FAD
Ubiqinon (coenzyme Q)
Hem coenzymes
Pyridoxal phosphate
According to the international classification there are six classes of enzymes in such order:
Oxidoreductases, hydrolyses, ligases, lyases, transferases, isomerases
Transferases, hydrolyses, oxidoreductase, isomerases, lyases, ligases
C.
D.
E. *
378.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
379.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
380.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
381.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
382.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
383.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
384.
A.
B.
C.
Hydrolyses, oxidoreductase, transferases, lyases, isomerases, ligases
Oxidoreductase, transferases, hydrolyses, isomerases, ligases, lyases
Oxidoreductase, transferases, hydrolyses, lyases, isomerases, ligases
The laboratory test allows to diagnose myocardium infarction. The increase of what enzyme in blood
proves it?
LDH4,5
Arginase
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
ALAT
AsAT
Among the enzymes - antioxidants __________ directly decomposes the toxic hydrogen peroxide:
Superoxide dismutase
Glutathione peroxidase
Glutathione reductase
Xantine oxidase
Catalase
With urine of newborn was done a reaction with FeCI3 and a positive result (dark color) got. What
disease is possible?
Galactosemia
Thyrosinosis
Alkaptonuria
Aminoaciduria.
Phenylketonuria
In an organism was found the lack of iron. It causes the decrease of such enzyme activity:
Glutathione peroxidase
Carbonic anhydrase
Carboxy peptidase
Ceruloplasmin
Catalase
The analysis demonstrated a 10 times increase of diastase activity. The danger of autolysis of a
patient’s pancreas is caused by an activation of enzyme:
Amylase
Pepsin
Lipase
Nuclease
Trypsin
In an organism was found the lack of copper. It causes the decrease of such enzyme activity:
Cytochrome b
Glucose oxidase
Catalase
Glutathione peroxidase
Cytochrome oxidase
For the treatment of viral infections such enzyme preparation is used:
Plasmin
Collagenase
Lysozyme
D.
E. *
385.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
386.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
387.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
388.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
389.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
390.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
391.
A.
B.
Hyaluronidase
DNA-ase, RNA-ase.
A phenylketonuria appears as a result of innate absence of enzyme:
Tyrosine oxidase
Oxidase of gomogentisic acid
Amino oxidase
Xanthine oxidase
Phenylalanin-4-hydroxylase
For dissolving of scars, hematomas and the easier transport of medications in tissues such enzyme is
used:
Trypsin
Ribonuclease
Plasmin
Pepsin
Hyaluronidase
Among the below named enzymes a metalloprotein is following:
Lactate dehydrogenase
Pepsin
Phosphatase
Amylase
Carbonic anhydrase
At a blood test was found that activity of catalase is 5 units. It may be a symptom of:
Hypoxia
Acidosis
Starvations
Diabetes mellitus
Anemia
The patient with cyanide poisoning was delivered to clinic. What is immediately used for the
improvement of his state?
Glucose
Ascorbic acid
Vitamin B1
Nicotine amide
Cytochrome oxidase
A laboratory test allows to diagnose an inflammatory process in a liver. The increase of what enzyme
in blood will confirm this?
LDH 1,2
AsAT
Creatin phosphokinase
Aldolase
Carbamoyl phosphate ornithine transferase
In diagnostics of heart attack an important role belongs to the methods of enzymodiagnostic.
Determination of what enzyme level in blood in 2-4 hours after acute pain is important for
diagnostic?
Acetylcholine esterase
Lipoprotein lipase
C.
D.
E. *
392.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
393.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
394.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
395.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
396.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
397.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
398.
A.
B.
Alanine amino transferase
Aldolase
Creatin phosphokinase
At hepatitis, heart attacks in blood of patients’ activities of alanine- and aspartate amino transferases
are sharply increased. What reasons of activation of these enzymes in blood?
An increase of intensity of disintegration of amino acid in tissues
Activation of amino acids synthesis in tissues
Activation of enzymes by hormones
Lack of pyridoxine
Damage of cells membranes and appearance of enzymes in blood
In saliva there is an enzyme with a strong antibacterial action due to its ability to destroy 1-4
glycoside bonds of proteoglycans of bacterial wall. Choose this enzyme:
Amylase
Trypsin
Phosphatase
Ribonuclease
Lysozyme (muramidase)
A newborn suffers from convulsions. It is discovered that a reason of disease is a defect of pyridine
dependent enzyme which forms GABA in a brain. Name this enzyme.
Amino transferase
Cistathion synthase
Kinurinase
Ribonuclease
Glutamate decarboxylase
The inhibitors of proteolytic enzymes were recommended for a patient. For what purpose necessary
to apply such preparations:
To promote autolysis of pancreas
To promote a hepatotoxity
To reduce a hepatotoxity
All answers are correct
To avoid autolysis of pancreas
One of major enzymes of saliva, providing death of bacteria is:
LDH
Phosphatase
AsAT
AlAT
Lysozyme
The important enzyme of saliva is alkaline phosphatase. What class of enzymes does it belong to?
Transferases
Oxidoreductases
Ligases
Lyases
Hydrolases
What enzymes catalyses the hydrolysis of triglycerides in the small intestine?
Acetyl cholinesterase
Phospholipase
C.
D.
E. *
399.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
400.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
401.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
402.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
403.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
404.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
405.
A.
B.
Transacylase
Monoglycerol lipase
Lipase
The defect of what enzyme results in disorders of decomposition of lactose at the inherited disorders
of enzymes synthesis in a human organism:
Amylase
Maltase
Sucrase
Peptidase
Lactase
Enzymes of which class are responsible for transfer of structural fragment from one substrate to other
with formation of two products?
Oxidoreductases
Isomerases
Ligases
Hydrolases
Transferases
Determination of amylase in blood can be diagnostic criteria for:
Nephritis
Glossitis
Hepatitis
Anemia
Acute pancreatitis
At a heart attack in blood of a patient were found out increase of enzymes activity. Choose these
enzymes:
Mono amino oxidase
Cytochrome oxidase, AlAT
Carbonic anhydrase
Lactate dehydrogenase
Creatin kinase, AsAT and LDH1,2
From the human blood serum were selected five isoenzymes which catalyze the same reaction.
Choose this enzyme:
Glutathione reductase
Ceruloplasmin
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
Superoxide dismutase
Lactate dehydrogenase
Phenylketonuria of newborn may be diagnosed after a reaction of urine with:
CuSO4
NaCl
Fe+
Na3PO4
FeCI3
Select the correct class of enzyme for this reaction. L-aspartic acid + alfa-ketoglutarate > oxaloacetic
acid + L-Glutamate
Oxidoreductase
Hydrolase
C.
D.
E. *
406.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
407.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
408.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
409.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
410.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
411.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
412.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
413.
Lyase
Ligase
Transferase
Select the correct class of enzyme for this reaction.Lactate + NAD+ > Pyruvate + NADH + H+
Transferase
Hydrolase
Lyase
Ligase
Oxidoreductase
Select the correct class of enzyme for this reaction. Sucrose + H2O > Fructose + Glucose
Oxidoreductase
Transferase
Lyase
Ligase
Hydrolase
Select the correct class of enzyme for this reaction. Pyruvate + H+ > Acetaldhyde + Carbon dioxide
Oxidoreductase
Transferase
Hydrolase
Ligase
Lyase
Select the correct class of enzyme for this reaction. Polypeptide + H2O > Amino acids
Oxidoreductase
Transferase
Lyase
Ligase
Hydrolase
An enzyme that catalyzes conversions of L-sugars to D-sugars is called an
Lyase
Hydrolase
Synthetase
Synthase
Isomerase
Oxidases, peroxidases, oxygenases or reductases are all
Lyases
Synthases
Synthetases
Hydrolases
Oxidoreductases
Pyridoxal phosphate is involved in which type of reaction?
Oxidation of pyruvate
Phosphate-transfer to produce ATP from ADP
The regeneration of methionine from homocysteine
None of the above
Production of new amino acids by transamination
The class of enzymes that split peptide bonds or glycosidic bonds with water is
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
414.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
415.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
416.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
417.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
418.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
419.
A.
B.
Lyase
Transferase
Isomerase
Oxidoreductase
Hydrolase
The enzyme that catalyzes the reaction: glucose-6-phosphate + H2O > glucose + phosphate can be
assigned to which enzyme class?
Oxidoreductases
Isomerases
Lyases
Transferases
Hydrolases
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is a multi-enzyme complex that catalyzes a complicated multi-step
reaction. The final reaction step is : FADH2 + NAD+ > FAD + NADH + H+ .The final step of this
reaction falls into which enzyme class?
Transferases
Ligases
Lyases
Isomerases
Oxidoreductases
What kind of reaction do hydrolases catalyze?
These enzymes are involved in electron transfer oxidation/reduction reactions, such as those in
photosynthesis and cellular respiration
These enzymes are involved in functional groups transfer
This group of enzymes catalyses none-hydrolytic cleavage reactions
None of the above
This group of enzymes catalyses hydrolytic cleavage reactions (such as the formation of glucose
from maltose by the action of the enzyme maltase)
What reactions would oxidoreductases is involved in?
This group of enzymes catalyses hydrolytic cleavage reactions (such as the formation of glucose
from maltose by the action of the enzyme maltase)
These enzymes are involved in functional groups transfer
This group of enzymes catalyses none-hydrolytic cleavage reactions
None of the above
These enzymes are involved in electron transfer oxidation/reduction reactions, such as those in
photosynthesis and cellular respiration
An inhibitor binds to a site other than the active site of the enzyme. Which statement below correlates
with this observation?
It must be a competitive inhibitor
The inhibition must be irreversible
It could be irreversible, competitive, noncompetitive or uncompetitive. The data do not relate to the
type of inhibition
None of above
It could be noncompetitive or uncompetitive inhibition
TPP is a/an _____________ of yeast pyruvate decarboxylase.
Cosubstrate
Intrinsic factor
C.
D.
E. *
420.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
421.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
422.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
423.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
424.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
425.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
426.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
Metalloenzyme
Prosthetic group
Coenzyme
The enzymes are inherent all physical and chemical properties of proteins, except:
High molecular mass
Breaking up to amino acid during a hydrolysis
Formation of colloid solutions
Antigen properties
Stable to influence of high temperatures and salts of heavy metals
What component is not included in the structure of holoenzymes?
Apoenzyme
Coenzyme
Cofactor
Prostetic group
Izoenzyme
Allosteric centers serve as:
The place of enzyme and substrate relation
Catalytic area
Contact area
All of the above
The place of different regulator factors influence on the enzyme
A competitive inhibitor of an enzyme is usually:
A highly reactive compound
A metal ion such as Hg2+ or Pb2+
Water insoluble
A poison
Structurally similar to the substrate
An uncompetitive inhibitor of an enzyme catalyzed reaction
Decreases Vmax
Is without effect at saturating substrate concentration
Can actually increase reaction velocity in rare cases
The first and second choices are both correct
Binds to the Michaelis complex (ES)
What is the area of an enzyme called where the chemical reactions occur?
The Cytoplasm
The Catalyst
The Nucleus
A substrate
The Active Site
Catalase is found in all cells and protects them from a dangerous waste chemical by breaking it down
into water and oxygen. Choose this waste chemical.
Nitrogen Dioxide
Lactic Acid
Carbon Monoxide
Urea
Hydrogen Peroxide
427.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
428.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
429.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
430.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
431.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
432.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
433.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
434.
A.
B.
C.
Enzymes fast up the velocity of a biochemical reaction by
Increasing activation energy
Decreasing kinetic energy
Removing the functional group
All of the above
Decreasing activation energy
Zinc is present in which of the following enzymes
Cytochrome oxidase
Arginase
Hexokinase
Catalase
Alcohol dehydrogenase
The coenzyme biotin is involved in the transferring of the following groups
Amino group
One carbon group
Acyl group
Amino acid residues
CO2
Lactate dehydrogenase is a
Coenzyme
Zymogen
Abzyme
Prostetic group
Isoenzyme
A competitive inhibitor binds to
Substrate
Allosteric site
Enzyme-substrate complex
Coenxyme
Active site
The inactive precursor of an active enzyme is called
Ribozyme
Isozyme
Abzyme
Nucleozyme
Zymogen
The uncompetitive inhibitor binds with
Active site
Allosteric site
Substrate
Product of reaction
Enzyme substrate complex
The inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase by malonate is an example of
Non competitive inhibition
Uncompetitive inhibition
Feedback or end product inhibition
D.
E. *
435.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
436.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
437.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
438.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
439.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
440.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
441.
A.
B.
None of these
Competitive inhibition
Isoenzymes are generally separated by
Ion exchange chromatography
Gel filtration chromatography
Paper chromatography
Selective adsorption
Electrophoresis
?For 18 years old patient with acute toxic hepatitis in the blood serum will be enhanceable level of:
Creatin kinase
Asidic phosphatase
D-amylase
Lactate dehydrogenase-1 (LDH1)
Alaninaminotransferase
For diagnostic of acute inflammatory process in kidneys a specific test was conducted determination of such substance in urine:
Content of lactose
Activity of creatinkinase
Concentrations of creatin
Activity of pepsin
Activity of alanine amino peptidase
For cleaning of festering wound pharmaceutical enzymes preparations are used. What matter is
effective for cleaning of festering wound from necrotizing tissues and wounds healing:
Washing with glucose oxidase
Washing with a hydrogen peroxide
Sterile bandages
Bandages with NaCl
Applications with trypsin
For treatment of the patient with acute pancreatitis a doctor prescribed a trasilol. For what purpose
this preparation is used?
For the improvement of fats digestion
For the improvement of proteins digestion
For the increase of insulin secretion
All above are correct
To avoid of autolysis of pancreas
A specific test for the diagnostics of inflammatory process in kidneys was conducted. This test is
_______ determination in urine:
Concentrations of creatin
Activity of creatin phosphokinase MB
Presence of lactose
Activity of pepsin
Activity of transamidinase
From the human blood serum were selected and discovered properties of five isoenzyme forms of
lactate dehydrogenase. What property of isoenzyme does prove that the selected forms are the same
enzyme?
Some molecular mass
Same physical and chemical properties
C.
D.
E. *
442.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
443.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
444.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
445.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
446.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
447.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
448.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Tissue localisation
Same electrophoretic mobility
Catalyze the same reaction
Teturam which is the inhibitor of aldehyde dehydrogenase used in medical practice for the
prophylaxis of alcoholism. An increase in blood of what metabolite causes disgust of an alcohol?
Malonic aldehyde
Ethanol
Propionic aldehyde
Methanol
Acetaldehyde
The functional state of liver, effectiveness of treatment and prognosis of disease development
estimated by all the below mentioned biochemical tests of blood and urine, except:
AlAT
Gamma-glutamintranspeptidase
Alkaline phosphatase
Contents of albumins and globulins
Diastase
An amphibolic pathway among the following is
HMP shunt
Glycolysis
Gluconeogenesis
A and B
Citirc acid cycle
Within the matrix of the mitochondrion are:
The components of the electron transport chain
Glycogen molecules
The enzymes of gluconeogenesis
The enzymes creatine kinase and carnitine acyl transferase 1
The enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (Krebs’ cycle)
The reaction succinyl CoA to succinate requires
CDP
GDP
NADP+
All of the above
ADP
The carrier of the citric acid cycle is
Succinate
Fumarate
Malate
All of the above
Oxaloacetate
Which of the following metabolite integrates glucose and fatty acid metabolism?
Pyruvate
Citrate
Lactate
None of the above
E. *
449.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
450.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
451.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
452.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
453.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
454.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
455.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
456.
A.
B.
Acetyl CoA
An aneplerotic reaction which sustains the availability of oxaloacetate is the carboxylation of
Glutamate
Citrate
Succinate
All of the above
Pyruvate
Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate requires
NADP+
Cytochromes
Pyridoxal phosphate
All of the above
HSCoA
Tricarboxylic acid cycle to be continuous requires the regeneration of
Pyruvic acid
Alfa-oxoglutaric acid
Malonic acid
Fatty acids
Oxaloacetic acid
Dehydrogenation of succinic acid to fumaric acid requires the following hydrogen carrier:
NAD+
NADP+
Glutathione
HSCoA
Flavoprotein
The number of molecules of ATP produced by the total oxidation of acetyl CoA in TCA cycle is
6
8
18
15
12
Substrate level phosphorylation in TCA cycle is in step:
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
Malate dehydrogenase
Aconitase
None of these
Succinate thiokinase
Before pyruvic acid enters the TCA cycle it must be converted to
Lactate
Alfa-ketoglutarate
Citrate
Malate
Acetyl CoA
The number of ATP produced in the succinate dehydrogenase step is
1
3
C.
D.
E. *
457.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
458.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
459.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
460.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
461.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
462.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
463.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
4
5
2
?Which of the following statements regarding TCA cycle is true?
It is an anaerobic process
It occurs in cytosol
It contains no intermediates for Gluconeogenesis
A and B
It is amphibolic in nature
An allosteric enzyme responsible for controlling the rate of T.C.A cycle is
Malate dehydrogenase
Fumarase
Aconitase
All of the above
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and CO2
Is reversible
Depends on the coenzyme biotin
Occurs in the cytosol
All of the above
Involves the participation of lipoic acid
The second stage of aerobic oxidation of glucose in a cell is oxidative decarboxilation of pyruvate.
Name the main product of this proces.
Succinate
Pyruvate
Citrate
Oxaloacetate
Acetyl CoA
The TCA cycle:
Is found in the cytosol
Is also called the Cori cycle
Consumes most of the CO2 produced by ribosomes
Produces most of the water made in humans
Is controlled by the ADP/ATP ratio, and the NADH concentration
Where in a cell the tricarboxylic acid cycle takes place?
In cytoplasm
In nucleus
In ribosomes
All of these
Within the inner compartment of the mitochondrion
How many molecules of ATP are formed during the full oxidation of 1 molecule of acetyl CoA?
24
36
38
15
12
464.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
465.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
466.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
467.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
468.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
469.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
470.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
471.
A.
B.
There are such three enzymes in pyruvate dehydrogenase complex:
Pyruvate carboxylase, lactate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase
Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, acetyltransferase, aconitase
NАDН2- dehydrogenase
Succinate dehydrogenase, aldehyde dehydrogenase
Pyruvate dehydrogenase, dihydrolipoyl acetyl transferase, dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase
There are 4 main functions of Krebs cycle, except:
Oxidation of acetic acid into СО2 і Н2О
Donator of hydrogen atoms for respiratory chain
Formation of ATP
Supplying substrates for heme synthesis
Oxidation of lactate into pyruvate
Name the common product of the second stage of catabolism of carbonhydrates, lipids and amino
acids.
Pyruvate
Citric acid
Acyl-CoA
ATP
Acetyl-CoA
Central intermediate product of metabolism is:
Succinyl-CoA
Oxaloacetate
Pyruvate
Citrate
Acetyl-CoA
For one turn of Krebs cycle forms ATP (molecules):
38 ATP
12 ATP
15 ATP
15 ATP
1 ATP
Allosteric effector of enzymes of Krebs cycle which stimulate their oxidation is:
Succinate
NADH2
ATP
FADH2
NAD+
Substrates of the respiratory chain are all, except one:
Isocitrate
Malate
Succinate
Alfa-кеtoglutarate
Oxaloacetate
Cofactors of dehydrogenases are all, except one:
NAD+
NADP+
C.
D.
E. *
472.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
473.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
474.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
475.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
476.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
477.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
478.
A.
B.
C.
FMN
FAD
c-AMP
Aerobic oxidation of pyruvate to CO2 and H2O results in formation of molecules ATP:
38 ATP
12 ATP
3 ATP
2 ATP
15 ATP
The temperature of human body supported due to all of processes, except one:
Catabolism of proteinsns, lipids, carbohydrates (specific stage)
Glycolysis
Catabolism (general stage)
TCA and oxidative phosphorylation
Gluconeogenesis
Substrates of the respiratory chain are all the below mentioned, except one:
Isocitrate
Malate
C-кеtoglutarate
Succinate
Lactate
Pyruvate can be form from all substrates, except one:
Lactate
Glycerol
Glucose
Glycogen
Fatty acids
The tricarboxilic acids cycle begins with the reaction of such substrates:
Pyruvate and acetyl CoA
Citric acid and acetyl CoA
Succinate and isocitrate
Isocitrate and oxaloacetate
Oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA
Among the many molecules of high-energy phosphate compounds formed as a result of the
functioning of the citric acid cycle, one molecule is synthesized at the substrate level. In which of the
following reactions does this occur?
Citrate >alfa-ketoglutarate
Succinate >fumarate
Fumarate >malate
Malate >oxaloacetate
Alfa-ketoglutarate>succinate
Reduction of which of the following substrate leads to a reduction of NAD+ in a reaction of the citric
acid cycle?
Succinyl CoA
Fumarate
Oxaloacetate
D.
E. *
479.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
480.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
481.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
482.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
483.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
484.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
485.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
486.
Citrate
Malate
The activity of pyruvate carboxylase is dependent upon the positive allosteric effector
Succinate
AMP
Isocitrate
Citrate
Acetyl CoA
Metabolism is defined as:
A sequence of reactions that has a specific purpose
Degradation of macromolecules molecules to create smaller molecules and energy
Synthesis of the molecules for cell maintenance, growth and reproduction
None of the above
The entire network of chemical reactions carried out by living cells
Product of a pathway controls the rate of its own synthesis by inhibiting an early step. Such way of
enzyme regulation is called:
Feed-forward activation
Autoregulation
None of the above
Feedback activation
Feedback inhibition
The function of protein kinase is:
Synthesis of ATP from two ADP molecules
Catalysis of the oxidation-reduction reactions
Dephosphorylation of proteins (enzymes)
None of the above
Phosphorylation of proteins (enzymes)
Catabolism is characterized by ________ of three major routs toward a final common pathway.
Divergence
Splitting
None of the above
All of the above
Convergence
Anabolic reactions with the formation of new bonds and utilization of ATP energy are catalyzed by:
Oxidoreductases
Hydrolases
Isomerases
Transferase
Ligases
A reaction can occur spontaneously only if G, the change in free energy of products and reactants, is:
Positive
0
All reactions can occur spontaneously
All of the above
Negative
ATP is an energy-rich molecule because:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
487.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
488.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
489.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
490.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
491.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
492.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
493.
A.
B.
It contains adenine
It contains monosaccharide ribose that can be oxidized with energy formation
It forms complex with Mg2+ or Mn2+
All of the above
Its triphosphate unit contains two phosphoanhydride bonds
How many molecules of NADH is formed during the conversion of ONE molecule of pyruvate to
acetyl CoA?
2
3
NADH2 is not formed, 1 molecule of NADPH is produced
4
1
All enzymes and coenzymes of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex are located in:
Cytoplasm
Lysosomes
Partially in cytoplasm, partially in mitochondrial matrix
All of the above
Matrix of mitochondria
The citric acid cycle is the __.
The anabolic pathway in which macromolecules are synthesized from monomers
The biochemical pathway in which glucose is oxidized to acetyl CoA
The biochemical pathway in which glucose is synthesized from noncarbohydrate components
Final common pathway for the catabolism of carbohydrates
Final common pathway for the catabolism of fuel molecules — carbohydrates, fatty acids and
amino acids
Which statement is not true about catabolic pathways?
They have a net release of energy
They liberate smaller molecules from larger ones
They include the citric acid cycle
None of the above
They have a net consumption of ATP
Which is not a component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?
Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
Dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase
Both A and D
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
Which cofactor is not used by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?
Lipoamide
Thiamine pyrophosphate
FAD
HS-CoA
QH2
Which enzyme does not catalyze a reaction that releases carbon dioxide?
Alfa-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
C.
D.
E. *
494.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
495.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
496.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
497.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
498.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
499.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
500.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
Isocitrate dehydrogenases
Both A and D
Malate dehydrogenase
Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of citrate to isocitrate?
Aldolase
Citrate synthase
Citrate isomerase
Epimerase
Aconitase
The citric acid cycle oxidizes pyruvate and some of the pathway intermediates are starting materials
for many biosynthetic pathways. This means the citric acid cycle is a/an _______.
Amplifying pathway
Strictly catabolic pathway
Anaerobic pathway
Both A and D
Amphibolic pathway
In eukaryotes the enzymes of the citric acid cycle are found in the _________.
Cytosol
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Both A and B
Mitochondria
Which is not a component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?
Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
Dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase
All of the above
Alfa ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
Which enzyme is the same in both pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and alfa-ketoglutarate complex?
Aconitase
Pyruvate decarboxylase
The two complexes have no components that are similar
Both A and B
Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase
Which is not a component of the alfa- ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex?
Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase
Alfa ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
Dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase
All of the above
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
Which enzyme does not catalyze a reaction that releases carbon dioxide?
Alfa-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
Isocitrate dehydrogenases
All of these
Malate dehydrogenase
501.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
502.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
503.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
504.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
505.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
506.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
507.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
508.
A.
NAD and NADP dependent dehydrogenases catalyze substrates by transferring ____ to C-4 of
NAD+ and NADP+.
An electron
Two electrons
An electron and a proton
Two electrons and two protons
Two electrons and a proton
The enzyme pyruvate translocase is located ______________.
In the cytosol
In the mitochondrial matrix
In the endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleus
In the inner mitochondrial membrane
Pyruvate translocase is a/an _________________ protein that transports ____________.
Antiport; pyruvate and H+ in opposite directions
Uniport; only pyruvate
Antiport; pyruvate and CO2 in opposite directions
Symport; pyruvate and CO2 in the same direction
Symport; pyruvate and H+ in the same direction
Which cofactor is not used by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?
Lipoamide
Thiamine pyrophosphate
FAD
NAD
PLP
Which step in the citric acid cycle is a rearrangement reaction?
Succinyl CoA to succinate
Fumarate to L-malate
Glucose 1,6-bisphosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
None of the above
Citrate to isocitrate
Which is not produced by the citric acid cycle?
NADH
CO2
FADH2
All of the above
FMN
After passing through the citric acid cycle, one mole of pyruvate will result in the formation of
______ moles of carbon dioxide and _________ mole(s) of ATP (or GTP).
2; 2
2; 1
3; 2
1; 3
3; 1
The step at which acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle is classified as a ___________ reaction.
Substrate-level phosphorylation
B.
C.
D.
E. *
509.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
510.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
511.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
512.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
513.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
514.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
515.
A.
B.
C.
Decarboxylation
Dehydrogenation
Oxidative phosphorylation
Condensation
The step at which ATP releases in the citric acid cycle is classified as a ___________ reaction.
Condensation
Decarboxylation
Dehydrogenation
Oxidative phosphorylation
Substrate-level phosphorylation
The step at which CO2 releases in the citric acid cycle is classified as a ___________ reaction.
Condensation
Substrate-level phosphorylation
Dehydrogenation
Oxidative phosphorylation
Decarboxylation
Which enzyme catalyzes the citrate synthesis?
Aldolase
Citrate isomerase
Aconitase
Citrate dehydrogenase
Citrate synthase
Which 5-carbon intermediate of the citric acid cycle is converted to a 4-carbon molecule with the
release of carbon dioxide?
Fumarate
Succinate
Isocitrate
Citrate
Alfa-ketoglutarate
Which enzyme catalyzes a metabolically irreversible reaction?
Aconitase
Fumarase
Malate dehydrogenase
All of the above
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
The succinate dehydrogenase catalyzes
The formation of a single hydrogen bond in the oxidation of succinate to fumarate
Both a and b
The formation of a macroergic bond
None of the above
The formation of a double bond in the oxidation of succinate to fumarate
Please match the following reaction Isocitrate dehydrogenase to its respective energy yielding
products shown in answers A through E.
QH2
GTP or ATP
ADP
D.
E. *
516.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
517.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
518.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
519.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
520.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
521.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
522.
A.
B.
C.
D.
NAD
NADH
Please match the following reaction alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenases complex to its respective
energy yielding products shown in answers A through E.
QH2
GTP or ATP
ADP
NAD
NADH
Please match the following reaction. Malate dehydrogenase to its respective energy yielding products
shown in answers A through E.
QH2
GTP or ATP
ADP
NAD
NADH
Please match the following reaction. Succinyl CoA synthetase to its respective energy yielding
products shown in answers A through E.
NADH
QH2
ADP
NAD
GTP or ATP
Allosteric effector of enzymes of Krebs cycle which stimulate their oxidation is:
Succinate
NADH2
ATP
FADH2
NAD+
Acetyl CoA _________ pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and NADH __________ it.
Activates; activates
Activates; inhibits
Inhibits; activates
Nome of the above
Inhibits; inhibits
The initial step of the citric acid cycle is
Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA
Conversion of citrate to isocitrate
Formation of alfa-ketoglutarate catalysed by isocitrate dehydrogenase
Both A and B
Condensation of acetyl-CoA with oxaloacetate
The substance which may be considered to play a catalytic role in citric acid cycle is
Isocitrate
Malate
Fumarate
Succinyl CoA
E. *
523.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
524.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
525.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
526.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
527.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
528.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
529.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Oxaloacetate
The reaction catalysed by alfa-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase in the citric acid cycle requires
NADP
ADP
ATP
PLP
NAD
If all the enzymes, intermediates and cofactors of the citric acid cycle as well as an excess of the
starting substrate acetyl-CoA are present and functional in an organelle free solution at the
appropriate pH, which of the following factors of the citric acid cycle would prove to be rate
limiting?
Molecular oxygen
Half life of enzyme
Turnover of intermediates
All of theese
Reduction of cofactors
In TCA cycle, oxalosuccinate is converted to alfa-ketoglutarate by the enzyme:
Fumarase
Aconitase
Succinase
Alfa -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
The enzyme alfa -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase in the citric acid cycle requires
Folate
Pyridoxine
Inositol
NADP
Lipoate
The example of generation of a high energy phosphate at the substrate level in the citric acid cycle is
the reaction:
Isocitrate >alfa-ketoglutarate
Succinate > fumarate
Malate >oxaloacetate
Both A and D
Succinyl CoA > Succinate
Fluoroacetate inhibits the reaction of citric acid cycle:
Isocitrate >alfa-ketoglutarate
Fumarate >Malate
Succinate >fumarate
All of these
Citrate >cis-aconitate
Formation of succinyl-CoA from alfa-ketoglutarate is inhibited by
Fluoride
Fluoroacetate
Iodoacetate
All of these
E. *
530.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
531.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
532.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
533.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
534.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
535.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
536.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
537.
A.
B.
Arsenite
The reaction of Kreb’s cycle which does not require cofactor of vitamin B group is
Alfa-ketoglutarate > succinate
Malate > oxaloacetate
Succinate> fumarate
Both A and D
Citrate > isocitrate
The coenzyme not involved in the formation of acetyl-CoA from pyruvate is
TPP
NAD
FAD
Both A and D
Biotin
In citric acid cycle, NAD is reduced in
One reactions
Two reactions
Four reactions
Five reactions
Three reactions
Among citric acid cycle enzymes, a flavoprotein is
Malate
Fumarase
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
All of these
Succinate dehydrogenase
In citric acid cycle, GDP is phosphorylated by
Succinate dehydrogenase
Aconitase
Fumarse
Alfa-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
Succinate thiokinase
Malonate is an inhibitor of
Malate dehydrogenase
Alfa-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
Both C and D
Succinate dehydrogenase
Isocitrate dehydrogenase is allosterically inhibited by
Oxalosuccinate
Alfa-ketoglutarate
NADH
Both B and C
ATP
All of the following are allosteric enzymes except
Citrate synthetase
Alfa-ketoglutarate dehdrogenase
C.
D.
E. *
538.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
539.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
540.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
541.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
542.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
543.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
544.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
545.
Succinate dehydrogenase
Both B and C
Succinate thiokinase
All of the following are intermediates of citric acid cycle except
Oxalosuccinate
Oxaloacetate
Fumarate
Alfa-Ketoglutarate
Pyruvate
Pyruvate dehydrogenase is a/an
Isomerase
Lyase
Ligase
Transferase
Oxido reductase
Isocitrate dehydrogenase can use __________ as a cofactor.
NAD+ only
NADP+ only
FMN and FAD
TPP only
NAD+ or NADP+
Pyruvate dehydrogenase contains all except
NAD
FAD
CoA
Lipoic acid
Biotin
All of the following compounds are intermediates of TCA cycle except
Malate
Oxaloacetate
Fumarate
Alfa-ketoglutarate
Pyruvate
Isocitrate dehydrogenases is
Anaerobic dehydrogenase
Hydroperoxidase
Oxygenase
Ligase
Aerobic dehydrogenase
An amphibolic pathway among the following is
HMP shunt
Glycolysis
Gluconeogenesis
All of these
Citirc acid cycle
Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning catabolic pathways?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
546.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
547.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
548.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
549.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
550.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
551.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
552.
A.
B.
C.
D.
They build up complex molecules such as protein from simpler compounds
They combine molecules into more complex and energy-rich molecules
They are spontaneous and do not need enzyme catalysis
They involve endergonic reactions that break complex molecules into simpler ones
They are usually coupled with anabolic pathways to which they supply energy in the form of ATP
The reaction succinyl CoA to succinate requires
CDP
GDP
NADP+
TPP
ADP
Which of the below-mentioned diseases can be diagnosed by the method of sugary loading?
Ishemia
Hepatitis
Titania
Anemia
Diabetes mellitus
Glucocorticoids increase the level of glucose in the blood by activation of:
Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Ketogenesis
Glycolysis
Glycogenogenesis
How many grams of glucose is it necessary for a patient to perform a method of sugary loading
100 g
20 g
50 g
1 mg per 1 kg of body weight
1 g per 1 kg of body weight
Which of the below-mentioned processes is the main source of NADPH2 in an organism?
Gluconeogenesis
Glycolysis
Glycogenolysis
Glycogenogenesis
Pentose-phosphate cycle
Value of kidney threshold for glucose:
5-7 mmol/l
10-15 mmol/l
2-3 mmol/l
15-20 mmol/l
8-10 mmol/l
Which method of glucose measurement in urine is widely used?
Gess
Tromer
Feling
Selivanov
E. *
553.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
554.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
555.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
556.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
557.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
558.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
559.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
560.
A.
Altgausen
Deficit of which enzyme causes the I type glycogenosis?
Hexokinase
Aldolase
Glycogen synthetase
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
Glucose-6-phosphatase
The breakdown of glycogen to free glucose occurs
In the muscles by phosphorolysis
In the liver by hydrolysis
In the muscles by hydrolysis
The first two choices are both correct
In the liver by phosphorolysis
The all enzymes of gluconeogensis are found in the cytosol, except for
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, which is in the mitochondria
Glucose-6-phosphatase, which is in the mitrochondria
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, which is in the glycogen granule
Pyruvate carboxylase, which is in the glycogen granule
Pyruvate carboxlyase, which is in the mitrochondria
What enzyme of carbohydrate metabolism listed below is inactivated by (de)phosphorylation in liver
in response to insulin signaling?
Glycogen synthase
Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)
Phosphofructokinase-2 (PFK-2)
Pyruvate kinase
Glycogen phosphorylase
As a result of anaerobic respiration in humans, glucose is converted to
Lactic acid
Citric acid
Acetyl CoA
Vitamin C
Pyruvic acid
Glycolysis is inhibited by high concentrations of
Glucose
FADH2
ADP
All of above
ATP
The process in which glucose is converted to a storage form
Requires vitamin A
Results in beta oxidation
Occurs in the liver only
Is very energy consuming
Is called glycogenolysis
Each of the following lines is the name of a disaccharide except
Galactose
B.
C.
D.
E. *
561.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
562.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
563.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
564.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
565.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
566.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
567.
A.
B.
Ribose
Glucose
Fructose
Maltose
All of the following enzymes involved in the flow of carbon from glucose to lactate (glycolysis) are
also involved in the reversal of this flow (gluconeogenesis) except:
3-phosphoglycerate kinase
Aldolase
Enolase
Phosphoglucoisomerase
Phosphofructokinase-1
The metabolic function of the pentose phosphate pathway is:
Act as a source of ADP biosynthesis
Participate in oxidation-reduction reactions during the formation of H2O
Provide intermediates for the citric acid cycle
Synthesize phosphorus pentoxide
Generate NADPH and pentoses for the biosynthesis of fatty acids and nucleic acids
Glucose not part of a diet may be provided by degradation of
Starch
Dextrin
A and b
A, b and c
Stored glycogen
In a eukaryotic cell, the enzymes of glycolysis are located in the:
Plasma membrane
Inner mitochondrial membrane
Mitochondrial matrix
Intermembrane space
Cytosol
Which of the following steps from glycolysis is performed by a different enzyme in
gluconeogenesis?
Isomerase
Glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase
Enolase
Aldolase
Phosphofructokinase (PFK)
Glycolysis in the erythrocytes produces pyruvate that is further metabolized to:
O2
Ethanol
Glucose
Hemoglobin
Lactate
Which of the following is a cofactor in the reaction catalyzed by glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
dehydrogenase?
ATP
Cu2+
C.
D.
E. *
568.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
569.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
570.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
571.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
572.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
573.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
574.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
575.
Heme
NADP+
NAD+
Glycogen is converted to monosaccharide units by:
Glucokinase
Glucose-6-phosphatase
Glycogen synthase
Glycogenase
Glycogen phosphorylase
How many substrate level phosphorylation reactions are in glycolysis?
1
3
4
0
2
ADP and AMP ___________________ gluconeogenesis.
Stimulate
Do not effect
ADP stimulates and AMP inhibits
ADP inhibits and AMP stimulates
Inhibit
Which of the following is not a precursor for gluconeogenesis?
Alanine
Glycerol
Oxaloacetate
Only B and C
Acetate
Glycogen synthesis in vertebrates requires _____________ to activate glucose 1-phosphate.
ATP
ADP
UDP
All of the above
UTP
In addition to control of activity by phosphorylation, phosphorylase kinase is activated by
Calmodulin
cAMP
Inhibitor-1
Na+
Ca++
The conversion of noncarbohydrate molecules into glucose, is an example of
Glycogenolysis
Glycogenesis
Glycolysis
Krebs cycle
Gluconeogenesis
A lack of blood glucose would have the greatest effects on
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
576.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
577.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
578.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
579.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
580.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
581.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
582.
The heart
The liver
Skeletal muscles
Cardiac muscle
The brain
In glycolysis, how is ATP formed?
Through deamination
Through oxidative phosphorylation
Through transfer of electrons
Through chemiosmosis
Through substrate level phosphorylation
According to the classic glucose-fatty acid cycle, which two metabolites are predicted to increase in
skeletal muscle when fat becomes the major substrate oxidized?
ADP, AMP
Pyruvate dehydrogenase, phosphofructokinase
Glycogen, triglyceride
All of the above
Acetyl CoA, citrate
The organ most responsible for extracting and converting lactic acid to pyruvic acid, and which
ultimately reforms and releases free glucose via the Cori cycle into the bloodstream, is a
Brain
Cardiac muscle
Skeletal muscle
Heart
Liver
The conversion of glycogen to glucose-6-phosphate is a
Glycolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Glycogenesis
A and C
Glycogenolysis
The enzyme found only in the liver that removes phosphate groups and can, thus, release free glucose
for distribution around the body by the blood is
Glycogen synthetase
Glycogen phosphorylase
Glucose isomerase
B and c only
Glucose-6-phosphatase
Glucose can be produced by gluconeogenesis by all the sources below except:
Glycerol
Amino acids
Lactate
Pyruvate
Fatty acids
Nervous tissue depends upon glucose for its primary source of energy. However, these molecules can
be used as an alternative source of energy by nervous tissue:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
583.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
584.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
585.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
586.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
587.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
588.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
Steroids
Fatty acids
Amino acids
All of the above
Ketones
Phosphofructokinase, the major flux-controlling enzyme of glycolysis is allosterically inhibited by
___ and activated by ___.
AMP Pi
ADP AMP
Сitrate ATP
ATP PEP
ATP ADP
The anaerobic conversion of 1 mol of glucose to 2 mol of lactate by fermentation is accompanied by
a net gain of:
1 mol of ATP
1 mol of NADH
2 mol of NADH
None of the above
2 mol of ATP
During strenuous exercise, the NADH formed in the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
reaction in skeletal muscle must be reoxidized to NAD+ if glycolysis is to continue. The most
important reaction involved in the reoxidation of NADH is:
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate > glycerol 3-phosphate
Glucose 6-phosphate > fructose 6-phosphate
Isocitrate > alfa-ketoglutarate
Oxaloacetate > malate
Pyruvate > lactate
The conversion of 1 mol of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to 2 mol of pyruvate by the glycolytic pathway
results in a net formation of:
1 mol of NAD+ and 2 mol of ATP
1 mol of NADH and 1 mol of ATP
2 mol of NAD+ and 4 mol of ATP
2 mol of NADH and 2 mol of ATP
2 mol of NADH and 4 mol of ATP
Which of the following statements is not true concerning glycolysis in anaerobic muscle?
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase is one of the enzymes of the pathway
It results in net synthesis of ATP
It results in synthesis of NADH
Its rate is slowed by a high ATP/ADP ratio
It is an endergonic process
Galactosemia is a genetic error of metabolism associated with:
Deficiency of galactokinase
Deficiency of UDP-glucose
Excessive ingestion of galactose
Inability to digest lactose
Deficiency of UDP-glucose: galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase
589.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
590.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
591.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
592.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
593.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
594.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
595.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
596.
A.
In the alcoholic fermentation of glucose by yeast, thiamine pyrophosphate is a coenzyme required by:
Aldolase
Hexokinase
Lactate dehydrogenase
Transaldolase
Pyruvate decarboxylase
Which of the following compounds cannot serve as the starting material for the synthesis of glucose
via gluconeogenesis?
Glycerol
Lactate
Oxaloacetate
Pyruvate
Acetate
In humans, gluconeogenesis:
Helps to reduce blood glucose after a carbohydrate-rich meal
Is activated by the hormone insulin
Is essential in the conversion of fatty acids to glucose
Requires the enzyme hexokinase
Can result in the conversion of protein into blood glucose
Which of the following substrates cannot contribute to net gluconeogenesis in mammalian liver?
Alanine
Glutamate
Pyruvate
Alfa-ketoglutarate
Palmitate
Which of the following statements about the pentose phosphate pathway is correct?
It generates 36 mol of ATP per mole of glucose consumed
It generates 6 moles of CO2 for each mole of glucose consumed
It is a reductive pathway; it consumes NADH
It is present in plants, but not in animals
It provides precursors for the synthesis of nucleotides
The main function of the pentose phosphate pathway is to:
Give the cell an alternative pathway should glycolysis fail
Provide a mechanism for the utilization of the carbon skeletons of excess amino acids
Supply energy
Supply NADH
Supply pentoses and NADPH
Concerning some general principles of glucose metabolism:
Gluconeogenesis is the formation of glucose from glycogen
Glycogenesis is stimulated when cellular ATP reserves are low
Glucose may be synthesized from fatty acids
Glucose may be synthesized from vitamins
Gluconeogenesis is stimulated when plasma glucose is low
Which of the following is a cofactor in the reaction catalyzed by the glycolytic enzyme
glyceraldehyde 3-phosophate dehydrogenase?
NADP
B.
C.
D.
E. *
597.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
598.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
599.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
600.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
601.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
602.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
603.
A.
ATP
Heme
Cu++
NAD
Which of the following promotes glucose and amino acid uptake by muscle?
Adrenaline
Glucagon
Cortisol
Glycogen
Insulin
For oxaloacetate to be used as a precursor in gluconeogenesis, it must first be transported across the
inner mitochondrial membrane in the form of:
Oxaloacetate
Aspartate
Citrate
Both A and C are correct
Malate
The initiation of glycogen synthesis (is the very first glucose residue added ) occurs by transfer of
glucose from UDP-glucose to the:
2-position of fructose
Non-reducing end of maltose
Serine-OH group of glycogen synthase
Tyrosine-OH group of glycogenin
4-position of free glucose
The process of polysaccharides digestion in the gastrointestinal tract is catalyzed by:
Sucrase
Lactase
Maltase
None of the above
Alfa-amylase
Glycolysis is defined as:
Aerobic process in which glucose is transformed to CO2 and H2O
Anaerobic process in which glucose is transformed to pyruvate
Anaerobic process in which glucose is converted to pentoses and NADPH is produced
Aerobic process in which glucose is converted to glycogen
Anaerobic process in which glucose is transformed to lactate
The possible metabolic pathways for pyruvate in anaerobic conditions are:
Conversion to lactate or acetyl CoA
Conversion to ethanol or acetyl CoA
Conversion to lactate or ethanol or acetyl CoA
All of the above
Conversion to lactate or ethanol
Vomiting, diarrhea after consuming milk, enlargement of the liver, jaundice, cirrhosis, cataracts,
retardation of the mental development, elevated blood-galactose level, absence of the galactose
1-phosphate uridyl transferase in red blood cells are the symptoms of:
Lactose intolerance
B.
C.
D.
E. *
604.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
605.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
606.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
607.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
608.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
609.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
610.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
Hypolactasia
All of the above
Diabetes mellitus
Galactosemia
The main precursors for the glucose synthesis in gluconeogenesis are:
Lactate, pyruvate, glycerol and cholesterol
Lactate, pyruvate, glycerol and glycogen
Cholesterol, fatty acids, glycerol and amino acids
The accelerating of glycolysis
Lactate, pyruvate, glycerol and amino acids
The enzyme which the key regulatory step in glycogen biosynthesis is
Glycogenin
Branching enzyme
Phosphoglucomutase
UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase
Glycogen synthase
Which is not a function of the main products of the pentose phosphate pathway?
To maintain the reduced form of iron in hemoglobin
To provide reducing power for the synthesis of fatty acids
To serve as precursors in the biosynthesis of RNA and DNA
Produce pentoses
To raise the concentration of cAMP
Gluconeogenesis is
The result of alfa-amylase activity
The formation of glycogen
The formation of starches
The formation of glucose from other carbohydrates
The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrates
In the Cori cycle, gluconeogenesis occurs in _____ and glycolysis in ______.
Liver; liver
Muscle; muscle
Muscle; liver
Heart; brain
Liver; muscle
The pentose phosphate pathway has two primary products. They are _________.
ATP and NADPH
Oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA
Sorbitol and fructose
None of the above
Ribose-5-phosphate and NADPH
The main hormones that regulate the synthesis and decomposition of glycogen are:
Insulin, glucocorticoids, thyroxin
Glucagon, glucocorticoids, vasopressin
Glucocorticoids, glucagon, epinephrine
All of the above
Insulin, glucagon, epinephrine
611.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
612.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
613.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
614.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
615.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
616.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
617.
A.
B.
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency is the __________ which is characterized by
_______
Genetically determined disease; the absence of receptors to LDL on cells and prominent
atherosclerosis
Diet-induced disease; the deficit of thiamin in the organism and neurological and cardiac symptoms
Disease induced by environmental factors; the high level of oxidized glutathione in the red blood
cell and increased resistance of erythrocytes to hemolysis
None of the above
Genetically determined disease; the low level of reduced glutathione in erythrocytes and increased
susceptibility of erythrocytes to hemolysis
More ATP is formed from glucose in glycogen than from free glucose, even free glucose released
from glycogen because
Limit dextrin contains additional molecules
The debranching enzyme releases free glucose
The glucose bypasses glycolysis
All of the above
The glucose is already phosphorylated after glycogen phosphorylase action
Glucose 1-phosphate formed by glycogenolysis is converted to glucose 6- phosphate by
phosphoglucomutase because
Glucose 6-phosphate is more stable
Glucose 6-phosphate is converted to free glucose
Glucose 6-phosphate can be transported to the liver
All of the above
Glucose 6-phosphate is an intermediate in several pathways, including glycolysis
The sequence of glucose oxidation to lactate in peripheral tissues, delivery of lactate to the liver,
formation of glucose from lactate in the liver, and delivery of glucose back to peripheral tissues is
known as the ______.
Glyoxylate cycle
Kreb's cycle
Gluconeogenesis cycle
Glycogenolysis
Cori cycle
During fasting, what role does gluconeogenesis play?
Aids in the release of glucose from stored glycogen in the liver
Produces products that slow the oxidation of pyruvate
Helps transport glucose across the blood-brain barrier to maintain brain glucose levels
None of the above
Uses protein (amino acids) to restore blood glucose levels
What is a cause of cataracts in the eye lens of individuals with diabetes?
Precipitation of glucose not oxidized by glycolysis in the lens
The absence of membrane transport proteins for pyruvate in the lens cells
Lack of regulation of gluconeogenesis in the lens and the accumulation of fructose
Lack of regulation of gluconeogenesis in the lens and the accumulation of maltose
Accumulation of sorbitol and protein precipitation in the lens
How long at starvation humans use glycogen stored in the liver?
10 minutes
4 hours
C.
D.
E. *
618.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
619.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
620.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
621.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
622.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
623.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
624.
1 week
2 weeks
24 hours
A patient with complains on constant thirst visited a doctor was. Hyperglycemia, polyuria and
increased amount of 17-ketosteroid in the blood were found. What disease is the most possible?
Insulin-dependent diabetes
Myxedema
I type glycogenolysis
Addison's disease
Steroid diabetes
In the blood of the patient the amount of glucose on the empty stomach is 5,6 mmol/l, in an hour after
sugary loading – 13,8 mmol/l, in two hours – 9,5 mmol/l. Such indexes are specific for:
Healthy adult
Patient with thyrotoxicosis
Patient with Cushing syndrome
Patient with acromegaly
Patient with hidden form of diabetes mellitus
Biochemical blood analysis of a 32 year old patient, who starved for 3 days, showed that the glucose
level in blood is normal. What process provides the normal glucose level in the blood after 3-4 days
of starvation?
Glycolysis
Pentose-phosphate pathway
Krebs cycle
Glycogen synthesis
Gluconeogenesis
A woman of 58 years is in hard condition. Consciousness is blear, skin is dry, eyes are sunken,
cyanosis, the smell of aceton with breathing. Blood glucose - 15,1 mmol/l, urine glucose 3,5%. What
is the most real reason for such condition?
Uremic coma
Hypovolemic coma
Anaphylactic shock
Hypoglycemic coma
Hyperglycemic coma
The concentration of glucose in the blood of a patient is 4,5 mmol/l, glucose appears in urine. The
possible reason for this condition:
Thyroid gland hyperfunctioning
Acromegaly
Glycogenosis
Stress
Kidney disease
The oxidation of glycerol in aerobic conditions to CO2 and H2O causes the formation of :
9 ATP molucules
1 ATP molucules
3 ATP molucules
15 ATP molucules
22 ATP molucules
In the construction of liquid lipids prevail:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
625.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
626.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
627.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
628.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
629.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
630.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
631.
A.
B.
Saturated fatty acids
Dicarboxylic acids
Keto acid
Hydroxide acids
Unsaturated fatty acids
Lecithin belongs to:
Neutral fat
Waxes
Steroids
Glycolipids
Phospholipids
Triacyl glycerol lipase of fatty tissue is activated by:
Adenosine triphosphate
Guanosine triphosphate
Adenosine diphosphate
Guanosine diphosphate
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
The acids which are irreplaceable (essential) for human organism:
Lipoic acid, stearic acid, palmitic acid
Oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid
Palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachidonic acid
Butyric acid, oleic acid, linolenic acid
Arachidonic acid, linolenic acid, linoleic acid
Reserve fats in the fat depot mainly belong to:
Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Fatty acids
Glycolipids
Tryacylglycerols
Which one of the following compounds is a key intermediate in the synthesis of both triacylglycerols
and phospholipids?
CDP-choline
Triacylglyceride
Phosphatidylserine
CDP-diacylglycerol
Phosphatidate
Which of the following is not used in the synthesis of fatty acids?
Cobalamin (vitamin B12)
NADPH
AMP
HCO3
FADH2
Which of the below-mentioned metabolites is formed by oxidation of fatty acids with odd amount of
carbon atoms:
Butyryl-CoA
Malonyl-CoA
C.
D.
E. *
632.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
633.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
634.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
635.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
636.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
637.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
638.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
Enoil-CoA
Acetacetyl-CoA
Propionyl-CoA
The hormone, which depresses the lipolysis in the fat tissue:
Epinephrine
Glucagon
Thyroxin
Adrenocorticotropin
Insulin
Phospholipids in the organism perform such functions, except:
Are a part of cellular membranes
Own antiatherosclerotic activity
Are lipotropic factors
Participate in the formation of blood lipoproteins
Own atherosclerotic properties
The first stage of acyl-CoA dehydrogenating in mitochondria causes the formation of:
Alpha-keto-acyl-CoA
Acetyl-CoA
Beta-oxyacyl-CoA
Acylcarnitine
Enoil-CoA
Energetic functions in the organism play the following lipids, except:
Tryacylglycerol
Saturated fatty acids
Diacylglycerol
Monounsaturated fatty acids
Cholesterol
Glycerol is transformed into an active form by the enzyme:
Phosphatidate phosphatase
Glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase
Glycerol phosphate acyltransferase
Diglyceride-acyl-transferase
Glycerol kinase
Splitting off acetyl-CoA in the final reaction of beta-oxidation of fatty acids is performed by the
enzyme:
Dehydrogenase
Enolase
Hydrase
Lipase
Thiolase (acetyl-CoA-acyltransferase)
Where the resynthesis of lipids takes place?
In a liver
In kidneys
In muscles
In the spleen
In the intestinal epithelium
639.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
640.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
641.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
642.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
643.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
644.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
645.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
646.
A.
B.
In oxidation of fatty acids with odd number of carbon atoms propionyl-CoA is transformed into:
Malonyl-CoA
Enoil-CoA
Butyryl-CoA
Acetacetyl-CoA
Succinyl-CoA
Lisophospholipids, formed after action of phospholipase A2, have the following feature:
Activate lipase
Form conjugates with bile acids
Participate in phospholipids resynthesis
Accompany absorption of fatty acids
Hemolytic
Tryacylglycerollipase of fatty tissue is activated by:
Adenosine triphosphate
Guanosine triphosphate
Adenosine diphosphate
Guanosine diphosphate
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
The formation of lisophospholipids in the intestine is caused by the action of:
Phospholipase A1
Phospholipase C
Phospholipase D
Phospholipase B
Phospholipase A2
The bile acids in bile are in conjugated condition with:
Cholesterol
Bilirubin
Glycine and alanine
Taurine and valine
Glycine and taurine
The function of pentose-phosphate pathway in the synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol is the
following:
Main energy source
Source of acetyl-CoA
Source of malonyl-CoA
Source of NADH2
Source of NADPH2
Which of the below-mentioned acids belongs to bile acids?
Linoleic acid
Arachidonic acid
Oleic acid
Myristic acid
Cholic acid
The amount of total lipids in blood is:
5-10 g/l
2-3 g/l
C.
D.
E. *
647.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
648.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
649.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
650.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
651.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
652.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
653.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
654.
15-20 g/l
7-12 g/l
3-8 g/l
The products of lipids digestion are the following, except:
Glycerol
Phosphoric acid
Fatty acids
Methionine
Serine
How many enzymes are there in the palmitate synthase multienzyme complex?
5
2
3
10
6
Bile acids are metabolic products of:
Phospholipids
Tryglycerins
Glycogen
Glycolipids
Cholesterol
Hepatoenteral circulation of bile acids has such aim as:
Fats resynthesis
Formation of chylomicrons
Cholesterol absorption
Glycerol absorption
Economical usage of bile acids
In humans, a dietary essential fatty acid is
Palmitic acid
Stearic acid
Oleic acid
All of the above
Linoleic acid
In mammals, the major fat in adipose tissues is
Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Sphingolipids
All of the above
Triacylglycerols
The importance of phospholipids as constituent of cell membrane is because they possess
Fatty acids
Glycerol
Phosphoric acid
All of the above
Both polar and nonpolar groups
Dietary fats after absorption appear in the circulation as
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
655.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
656.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
657.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
658.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
659.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
660.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
661.
A.
B.
C.
HDL
VLDL
LDL
None of the above
Chylomicron
Free fatty acids are transported in the blood
Combined with fatty acid binding protein
Combined with beta-lipoprotein
In unbound free salts
Combined with alpha-lipoprotein
Combined with albumin
Long chain fatty acids are first activated to acetyl-CoA in
Microsomes
Nucleus
Mitochondria
EPR
Cytosol
The enzyme acyl-CoA synthase catalyses the conversion of a fatty acid of an active fatty acid in the
presence of
AMP
ADP
GTP
GDP
ATP
The enzymes of beta -oxidation are found in
Cytosol
Golgi apparatus
Nucleus
EPR
Mitochondria
Long chain fatty acids penetrate the inner mitochondrial membrane
Freely
As acyl-CoA derivative
Requiring Na dependent carrier
As lipoproteins
As carnitine derivative
Which of the following is a polyunsaturated fatty acid?
Palmitic acid
Palmitoleic acid
Oleic acid
All of these
Linoleic acid
The major lipid in chylomicrons is
Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Free fatty acids
D.
E. *
662.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
663.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
664.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
665.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
666.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
667.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
668.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
669.
A.
A and B
Triglycerides
Number of carbon atoms in cholesterol is
17
19
30
25
27
The major storage form of lipids is
Esterified cholesterol
Glycerophospholipids
Sphingolipids
B and C only
Triglycerides
The nitrogenous base in lecithin is
Ethanolamine
Serine
Betaine
None of above
Choline
All the following have 18 carbon atoms except
Linoleic acid
Linolenic acid
Stearic acid
B and C only
Arachidonic acid
De novo synthesis of fatty acids occurs in
Mitochondria
Microsomes
EPR
All of these
Cytosol
Acyl Carrier Protein contains the vitamin:
Biotin
Lipoic acid
Folic acid
Thiamine
Pantothenic acid
Which of the following is required as a reductant in fatty acid synthesis?
NADH
FADH2
FMNH2
A and B
NADPH
Hepatic lipogenesis is stimulated by:
cAMP
B.
C.
D.
E. *
670.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
671.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
672.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
673.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
674.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
675.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
676.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Glucagon
Epinephrine
B and D
Insulin
Propionyl CoA is formed on oxidation of
Monounsaturated fatty acids
Polyunsaturated fatty acids
All of these
None of these
Fatty acids with odd number of carbon atoms
In glycerophospholipids, a polyunsaturated fatty acid is commonly attached to which of the following
carbon atom of glycerol?
Carbon 1
Both (A) and (B)
Carbon 3
None of these
Carbon 2
Lysolecithin is formed from lecithin by removal of
Fatty acid from position 1
Phosphorylcholine
Choline
None of these
Fatty acid from position 2
Chylomicron remnants are catabolised in
Intestine
Adipose tissue
Liver and intestine
Pancreas
Liver
Glycerol is converted into glycerol-3-phosphate by
Thiokinase
Triokinase
Glycerol phosphatase
All of these
Glycerol kinase
In adipose tissue, glycerol-3-phosphate required for the synthesis of triglycerides comes mainly from
Hydrolysis of pre-existing triglycerides
Hydrolysis of phospholipids
Free glycerol
All of the above
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate formed in glycolysis
Glycerol released from adipose tissue by hydrolysis of triglycerides is mainly
Taken up by extrahepatic tissues
Reutilised in adipose tissue
Excreted from the body
All of the above
E. *
677.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
678.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
679.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
680.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
681.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
682.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
683.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
684.
A.
B.
Taken up by liver
Free glycerol cannot be used for triglyceride synthesis in
Liver
Kidney
Intestine
Pancreas
Adipose tissue
Adipose tissue lacks
Hormone-sensitive lipase
cAMP-dependent protein kinase
Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
B and C
Glycerol kinase
A digestive secretion that does not contain any digestive enzyme is
Saliva
Gastric juice
Pancreatic juice
A and D
Bile
Saliva contains a lipase which acts on triglycerides having
Medium chain fatty acids
Long chain fatty acids
All of these
A and B only
Short chain fatty acids
Salivary lipase converts dietary triglycerides into
Monoglycerides and fatty acids
Glycerol and fatty acids
All of these
A and b only
Diglycerides and fatty acids
Pancreatic lipase requires for its activity:
Mg2+
Glycerophospholipids
Phospholipids
All of these
Co-lipase
Oxidation of fatty acids occurs
In the cytosol
On inner mitochondrial membrane
On the microsomes
In the EPR
In the matrix of mitochondria
Carnitine is required for the transport of
Triglycerides out of liver
Triglycerides into mitochondria
C.
D.
E. *
685.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
686.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
687.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
688.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
689.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
690.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
691.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
Short chain fatty acids into mitochondria
C and D
Long chain fatty acids into mitochondria
Carnitine acylcarnitine translocase is present
In the mitochondrial matrix
On the outer surface of inner mitochondrial membrane
On the inner surface of inner mitochondrial membrane
In cytoplasm
In the inner mitochondrial membrane
Propionyl CoA formed oxidation of fatty acids having an odd number of carbon atoms is converted
into
Acetyl CoA
Acetoacetyl CoA
Butyryl CoA
None of the above
D-Methylmalonyl CoA
Co-lipase is a
Bile salt
Vitamin
Phospholipid
Lipoprotein
Protein
Plasma becomes milky
Due to high level of HDL
Due to high level of LDL
During fasting
All of the above
After a meal
Mitochondrial membrane is permeable to
Medium chain fatty acids
Long chain fatty acids
All of these
A and B
Short chain fatty acids
During each cycle of beta -oxidation
One carbon atom is removed from the carboxyl end of the fatty acid
One carbon atom is removed from the methyl end of the fatty acid
Two carbon atoms are removed from the methyl end of the fatty acid
Three carbon atoms are removed from the carboxyl end of the fatty acid
Two carbon atoms are removed from the carboxyl end of the fatty acid
One functional sub-unit of multi-enzyme complex for de novo synthesis of fatty acids contains
One —SH group
Three —SH groups
Four —SH groups
Five —SH groups
Two —SH groups
692.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
693.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
694.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
695.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
696.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
697.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
698.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
699.
A.
Sphingomyelins:
Complex proteins
Nitrolipids
Alcohols
None of these
Phospholipids
Release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue is increased by all of the following except
Glucagon
Epinephrine
Growth hormone
C and D
Insulin
For extramitochondrial fatty acid synthesis, acetyl CoA may be obtained from
Isocitrate
Oxaloacetate
Succinate
Succsinil-CoA
Citrate
Arachidonic acid contains the number of double bonds:
2
3
5
1
4
The fatty acids containing even number and odd number of carbon atoms as well as the unsaturated
fatty acids are oxidized by
Alpha-oxidation
Gama-oxidation
All of these
None of these
Beta-oxidation
Long chain fatty acids are first activated to acyl CoA in the
Mitochodria
Ribosomes
Microsome
EPR
Cytosol
Long chain acyl CoA penetrates mitochondria in the presence of
Palmitate
Sorbitol
DNP
cAMP
Carnitine
Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase converts Acyl CoA to beta-unsaturated acyl-CoA in presence of the
coenzyme:
NAD+
B.
C.
D.
E. *
700.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
701.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
702.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
703.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
704.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
705.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
706.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
NADP+
ATP
TPP
FAD
Carboxylation of acetyl—CoA to malonyl — CoA takes place in presence of
FAD+
NAD+
NADP+
TPP
Biotin
Malonyl-CoA reacts with the central
NH2 group
COOH group
CH2OH group
C and D
SH group
Fatty acid synthesis takes place in the presence of the coenzyme:
NAD+
Reduced NAD
NADP+
TPP
Reduced NADP
Lipids have the following properties:
Insoluble in water and soluble in fat solvent
High energy content
Structural component of cell membrane
A and C only
All of these
Lecithins are composed of
Glycerol + Fatty acids + Phosphoric acid + Ethanolamine
Glycerol + Fatty acids + Phosphoric acid + Serine
Glycerol + Fatty acids + Phosphoric acid + Beaine
All of these
Glycerol + Fatty acids + Phosphoric acid + Choline
Depot fats of mammalian cells comprise mostly of
Cholesterol
Cholesterol esters
Phospholipids
All of these
Triacyl glycerol
Phospholipids are important cell membrane components because
They have glycerol
They can form bilayers in water
They combine covalently with proteins
All of these
They have both polar and non polar potions
707.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
708.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
709.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
710.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
711.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
712.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
713.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. *
714.
A.
B.
A fatty acid which is not synthesized in human body and has to be supplied in the diet:
Palmitic acid
Oleic acid
Stearic acid
All of these
Linoleic acid
The triacyl glycerol present in plasma lipoproteins are hydrolyzed by
Linqual lipase
Pancreatic lipase
Colipase
Both B and D
Lipoprotein lipase
The ‘free fatty acids’ (FFA) of plasma:
Metabolically inert
Mainly bound to beta -lipoproteins
Stored in the fat
All of the above
Mainly bound to serum albumin
In the extra mitochondrial synthesis of fatty acids, CO2 is utilized
To keep the system anaerobic and prevent regeneration of acetyl CoA
In the conversion of malonyl to CoA hydroxybutyryl CoA
In the formation of acetyl CoA from 1 carbon intermediates
All of these
In the conversion of acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA
All long chain fatty acids with even number of carbon atoms are oxidized to a pool of _________ by
beta-oxidation.
CO2
Propionic acid
Acetic acid
CoA
Acetyl CoA
The level of free fatty acids in plasma is increased by
Insulin
Glucose
Niacin
All of the above
Epinephrine
What is the sub cellular site for the beta- oxidation of fatty acids?
Nucleus
Lysosome
Cytosol
All of the above
Mitochondria
A diet containing this fat is helpful in lowering the blood cholesterol level.
Saturated
Vitamin enriched
C.
D.
E. *
Refined
All of the above
Unsaturated