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1. A. B. C. D. E. * 2. A. B. C. D. E. * 3. A. B. C. D. E. * 4. A. B. C. D. E. * 5. A. B. C. D. E. * 6. A. B. C. D. E. * 7. A. B. C. D. E. * 8. A. B. ?Glycogenolysis refers to The formation of glycogen The formation of urea Conversion of fat and/ or protein to glucose The anaerobic metabolism of glucose Conversion of glycogen to glucose Glycogenolysis is promoted by Growth hormone Insulin Cortisol (corticosteroids) Both A and D are correct Glucagon The regulation of normal blood sugar level is accomplished by Insulin, glucagon and adrenalin Cell tissue absorption of glucose from the blood The breakdown of glycogen by the liver Glycogenesis and glycogenolysis All of the above Anaerobic metabolism refers to the generation of ATP: Without the involvement of ADP Without the use of glycogen In the absence of available oxygen By the conversion of pyruvate to lactate Without the use of oxygen Which of the statements regarding enzymes is false? Enzymes are proteins that function as catalysts Enzymes are specific Enzyme activity can be regulated Enzymes may be used many times for a specific reaction Enzymes provide activation energy for reactions Phospholipase A2 is an enzyme which removes a fatty acid residue from lecithin to form Lecithin fragments Phosphotidic acid Glyceryl phosphate Both A and D Lysolecithin Pancreatic lipase is an enzyme which hydrolyzes fats. It acts as a/an Peptidase Carbohydrates Dehydrogenase None of the above Hydrolase The carbon chain of fatty acids is shortened by 2 carbon atoms at a time. This involves successive reactions catalysed by 4-enzymes. These act the following order: Acetyl CoA dehydrogenase, beta-OH acyl CoA dehydrogenase, enoyl hydrase, thiolose Acyl CoA dehydrogenase, thiolose, enoyl hydrase, beta-OH acyl CoA dehydrogenase C. D. E. * 9. A. B. C. D. E. * 10. A. B. C. D. E. * 11. A. B. C. D. E. * 12. A. B. C. D. E. * 13. A. B. C. D. E. * 14. A. B. C. D. E. * 15. A. B. C. D. E. * Enoyl hydrase, beta-OH acyl CoA dehydrogenase,acyl CoA dehydrogenase, thiolose None of the above Acyl CoA dehydrogenase, enoyl hydrase, beta-OH acyl CoA dehydrogenase, thiolase Acyl carrier protein is involved in the synthesis of Protein Glycogen Fatty acid in the mitochondria Both C and D Fatty acid outside the mitochondria During each cycle of beta-oxidation of fatty acid, all the following compounds are generated except NADH FADH2 Acetyl CoA Both B and C H2O Bile is produced by Gall-bladder Pancreas Intestine All of the above Liver In beta-oxidation of fatty acids which of the following are utilized as co-enzymes? NAD+ and NADP+ FAD H2 and NADH + H+ FAD and FMN All of these FAD and NAD+ Why is it undesirable to have high concentrations of free fatty acids and lysophosphoglycerides in cells? They are unstable, free radicals that can react to form toxic substances They polymerize easily and can cause the cytosol to become too gel-like They inhibit the uptake of pyruvate by mitochondria All of the above They are amphipathic and act as detergents that can degrade membranes Why are triacylglycerols able to provide more energy than carbohydrates (gram for gram)? The triacylglycerols have an extremely high group transfer potential The carbohydrates contain fewer carbon-carbon bonds The triacylglycerols are less soluble in water than the carbohydrates All of the above The carbohydrates are already in a more oxidized state than the triacylglycerols What is the major role of phospholipase A2? To cleave the phosphate group from phospholipids To phosphorylate the enzyme enoyl-CoA To transport glycerophospholipids in the blood None of the above To hydrolyze an ester bond in glycerophospholipids to form lysophosphoglyceride 16. A. B. C. D. E. * 17. A. B. C. D. E. * 18. A. B. C. D. E. * 19. A. B. C. D. E. * 20. A. B. C. D. E. * 21. A. B. C. D. E. * 22. A. B. C. D. E. * 23. A. B. C. Which dietary lipid usually contains no ester bonds? Triacylglycerides Glycerophospholipids None of the above, all dietary lipids are esterified. All of the above Cholesterol Which lipid form is transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane before beta-oxidation? Fatty acyl CoA Acetoacetyl CoA Lysophospholipid CoA All of the above Acylcarnitine Fatty acids are oxidized in the ___________. Cytosol Endoplasmic reticulum Mitochondrial inner membrane space Nucleus Mitochondrial matrix Which enzyme requires adenosylcobalamin as a cofactor? Carnitine acyl transferase I Enoyl-CoA hydratase Propionyl-CoA carboxylase None of the above Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase How many cycles of beta-oxidation are required to completely process a saturated C18 fatty acid? 6 9 18 7 8 How many QH2 and NADH are produced by one round of the beta-oxidation pathway? 1 QH2 and 2 NADH 2 each 2 QH2 and 1 NADH All of the above 1 each Which of the following is the regulated step of fatty acid synthesis in eukaryotes? Transportation of mitochondrial acetyl CoA into the cytosol Assembly of the fatty acid chain All of the above None of the above Carboxylation of acetyl CoA The citrate transport system is responsible for: Generation of PALP Generating cytosolic NAD from cytosolic NADH+. Generating cytosolic FADH2 D. E. * 24. A. B. C. D. E. * 25. A. B. C. D. E. * 26. A. B. C. D. E. * 27. A. B. C. D. E. * 28. A. B. C. D. E. * 29. A. B. C. D. E. * 30. A. B. C. D. E. * 31. A. None of the above Transporting acetyl CoA from the mitochondrion to the cytosol Lipids may be either hydrophobic or Hydrophilic Organic Inorganic Soluble in polar solvents Amphipathic Fatty acids required in the diet of mammals are called Important Dietary Saturated Esters Essential Dietary triacylglycerols are digested as a result of Lipase action Bile salts Micelle formation Diffusion and absorption by intestinal cells All of the above Ethanolamine, serine and choline can be cleaved from glycerophospholipids by Phospholipase A1 Phospholipase A2 Phospholipase B Phospholipase C Phospholipase D Like plasmologens, sphingolipids are found in relative abundance in Bacteria Plant cells Intestinal cells All of the above Nerve cells Triacylglycerols cannot form lipid bilayers because they Have hydrophobic tails Cannot associate with cholesterol Have polar heads Cannot engage in hydrophobic interactions Do not have polar heads Glycerol is converted to ___________ when it is used for gluconeogenesis. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate Phosphoenolpyruvate Oxaloacetate None of the above 3-phosphoglycerate The main function of the bile salts is to __________. Act as counterions for the ionized forms of lipids B. C. D. E. * 32. A. B. C. D. E. * 33. A. B. C. D. E. * 34. A. B. C. D. E. * 35. A. B. C. D. E. * 36. A. B. C. D. E. * 37. A. B. C. D. E. * 38. A. B. Cleave the ester bonds in triacylglycerols to release free fatty acids Form the surface layer of chylomicrons None of the above Emulsify lipids in the intestin The largest lipoproteins are the __________. VLDLs LDLs HDLs None of the above Chylomicrons Elevated levels of the hormone ________ stimulates the conversion of triacylglycerols stored in adipose cells to free fatty acids and monoacylglycerols to provide energy when carbohydrate stores are depleted. Insulin Testosteron Ergosterol STH Epinephrine The main sources of NADPH for fatty acid biosynthesis is: TCA cycle Oxidative phosphorylation Glycolysis All of the above The pentose phosphate pathway During the fed state, which of the following occur(s)? Insulin inhibition of stored triacylglycerols' hydrolysis Insulin stimulation of malonyl CoA formation Allosteric inhibition of carnitine acyltransferase I A and C only All of the above The common precursor for the synthesis of triacylglycerols, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidyletanolamine is: Choline CDP-choline None of the above Citrate 1,2-diacylglycerol The end product of cytosol fatty acid synthetase in humans is Oleic acid Arachidonic acid Linoleic acid Palmitoleic acid Palmitic acid For every 2 mol of free glycerol released by lipolysis of triacylglycerides in adipose tissue 2 mol of triacylglycerides is released 2 mol of free fatty acids is released C. D. E. * 39. A. B. C. D. E. * 40. A. B. C. D. E. * 41. A. * B. C. D. E. 42. A. B. C. D. E. * 43. A. B. C. D. E. * 44. A. B. C. D. E. * 45. A. B. 1 mol of triacylglyceride is released 3 mol of acyl CoA is produced 1 mol of glucose can be synthesized in gluconeogenesis Which one of the following compounds is a key intermediate in the synthesis of both triacylglycerols and phospholipids? CDP-choline Triacylglyceride Phosphatidylserine CDP-diacylglycerol Phosphatidate Which of the following is not used in the synthesis of fatty acids? Cobalamin (vitamin B12) NADPH AMP CO2 FADH2 In the blood of a patient is decreased amount of phospholipids, increased concentration of cholesterol, observed the symptoms of prostaglandin lack. What can cause such events? Limited usage of polyunsaturated fatty acids Limited usage of carbohydrates D hypovitaminosis Excess of lipids in food Excess of carbohydrates in food For the patient with diagnosis atherosclerosis “Linetol” is prescribed, which contains essential fatty acids. Which of the below-mentioned acids surely is a part of it? Stearic acid Palmitic acid Oleic acid Crotonic acid Linoleic acid The amount of phospholipids in the blood plasma of 45 years old patient is normal. Choose correct result: 2,0-5,0 g/l 1,2-2,5 g/l 0,7-2,0 g/l 7,0-8,0 g/l 1,5-3,6 g/l After having fatty food the patient had nausea and steatorrhea. The cause of this condition can be: Amylase insufficiency Increase of lipase excretion Trypsin synthesis malfunction Increased acidity of gastric juice Lack of bile acids For the patient was prescribed bile preparation for improvement of fatty food digestion. Which components of the preparation participate in fat emulsification? Fatty acids Cholesterol and it's esters C. D. E. * 46. A. B. C. D. E. * 47. A. B. C. D. E. * 48. A. B. C. D. E. * 49. A. B. C. D. E. * 50. A. B. C. D. E. * 51. A. B. C. D. E. * Bilirubin monoglucuronides Diglycerides Bile acid salt Fatty acids can not be converted into carbohydrates in the body, as the following reaction is not possible: Conversion of glucose-6-phosphate into glucose Fructose 1, 6 diphosphate to fructose-6-phosphate Formation of acetyl CoA from fatty acids Both C and D Transformation of acetyl CoA to pyruvate Patient suffers from disorders of lipid digestion. What are the functions of bile salts in lipid digestion? Emulsification of lipids; decompose the cholesteryl esters Activation of phospholipase A2; activation of cholesterol esterase Inhibition of lipase; inhibition of phospholipase A2 All of the above Emulsification of lipids; activation of lipase Why snake venom causes the lysis of erythrocytes? Contains hemolytic toxins which directly destroy the erythrocytes membranes Contains lipase catalyzing the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols in the cellular membranes Contains cholesteryl esterase catalyzing the hydrolysis of cholesterol esters in the cellular membranes None of the above Contains phospholipase A2 catalyzing the hydrolysis of glycerophospholipids and formation of lysophosphoglycerides which can act as detergents and disrupt cellular membranes After meal concentration of chylomicrones in blood of the patient is increased. Chylomicrones are formed in the ____________________ and their main function is the ________________ Wall of intestine; transport of cholesterol Liver; transport of triacylglycerols synthesized in liver Blood; transport of cholesterol All of the above Wall of intestine; transport of dietary triacylglycerols Conncentration of LDL in blood of the patient is increased. Low density lipoproteins transport ________________ from __________ to ___________ Triacylglycerols; intestine; liver Cholesterol; peripheral tissues; liver Triacylglycerols; liver; adipose tissue and muscles Triacylglycerols; liver; muscles Cholesterol; liver; peripheral tissues In an organism of 47 years old patient mobilisation of lipids is active. Tryacylglycerinlipase of fatty tissue is activated by: Adenosine triphosphate Guanosine triphosphate Adenosine diphosphate Guanosine diphosphate Cyclic adenosine monophosphate 52. A. B. C. D. E. * 53. A. B. C. D. E. * 54. A. B. C. D. E. * 55. A. B. C. D. E. * 56. A. B. C. D. E. * 57. A. B. C. D. E. * 58. A. B. C. D. For TAG synthesis glycerol converts into active form. Glycerol is transformed into active form with the enzyme: Phosphatidate phosphatase Glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase Glycerol phosphate acyltransferase Diglyceride-acyl-transferase Glycerol kinase Starvation and untreated diabetes both result in symptoms of ketosis, one of which is the presence of ketone bodies in urine. Which of the following is a ketone body? Lactic acid Glucose Stearic acid Acetic acid Acetoacetic acid Old-time physicians often diagnosed illness on the basis of the odor of patients. Untreated diabetics sometimes have breath with a "fruity" odor due to the presence of a volatile ketone body. Which one? Beta-hydroxybutyric acid Pyruvic acid Stearic acid Acetoacetic acid Acetone Drugs called statins are now used to decrease plasma cholesterol levels by inhibiting the rate-limiting step of cholesterol synthesis. This step is catalyzed by Lipoprotein lipase Beta-ketothiolase Acyl carrier protein Transacylase HMG-CoA reductase HDL is synthesized and secreted from Pancreas Kidney Muscle Lung Liver Cholesterol is transported from liver to extrahepatic tissues by Chylomicrons VLDL HDL Carnitin LDL An enzyme required for the synthesis of ketone bodies as well as cholesterol is Acetyl CoA carboxylase HMG CoA reductase HMG CoA lyase None of the above E. * 59. A. B. C. D. E. * 60. A. B. C. D. E. * 61. A. B. C. D. E. * 62. A. B. C. D. E. * 63. A. B. C. D. E. * 64. A. B. C. D. E. * 65. A. B. C. D. E. * 66. A. HMG CoA synthetase All of the following tissue are capable of using ketone bodies except Brain Renal cortex Cardiac muscle Skeletal muscle Liver Ketone bodies are synthesized from fatty acid oxidation products by which of the following organs? Skeletal muscles Kidney Brain Heard Liver A compound normally used to conjugate bile acids is Serine Glucoronic acid Fatty acid Cholesterol Glycine Which of the following metabolite integrates glucose and fatty acid metabolism? Pyruvate Citrate Lactate Fumarate Acetyl CoA An aneplerotic reaction which sustains the availability of oxaloacetate is the carboxylation of Glutamate Citrate Succinate Lactate Pyruvate Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and alfa-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex require the following for their oxidative decarboxylation: CoASH and Lipoic acid NAD+ and FAD CoASH and TPP CoASH, TPP, FAD, Lipoate CoASH, TPP,NAD+,FAD, Lipoate Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate requires NADP+ Cytochromes Pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxine CoASH Tricarboxylic acid cycle to be continuous requires the regeneration of Pyruvic acid B. C. D. * E. 67. A. B. C. D. E. * 68. A. B. C. D. E. * 69. A. B. C. D. E. * 70. A. B. C. D. E. * 71. A. B. C. D. E. * 72. A. B. C. D. E. * 73. A. B. C. D. Alfa-oxoglutaric acid Malic acid Oxaloacetic acid Fumaric acid Dehydrogenation of succinic acid to fumaric acid requires the following hydrogen carrier: NAD+ NADP+ Glutathione Both A and C Flavoprotein Substrate level phosphorylation in TCA cycle is in step: Isocitrate dehydrogenase Malate dehydrogenase Alfa-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase Aconitase Succinate thiokinase Before pyruvic acid enters the TCA cycle it must be converted to Lactate Alfa-ketoglutarate Citrate Malate Acetyl CoA The number of ATP produced in the succinate dehydrogenase step is 1 3 4 5 2 The following coenzyme is needed for the oxidative decarboxylation of ketoacids: NADP+ Folate coenzyme Biotin coenzyme Both B and C TPP The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and CO2 Is reversible Depends on the coenzyme biotin Occurs in the cytosol Both A and B Involves the participation of lipoic acid The list of cofactors which are able in reactions to carry electrons and protons is below mentioned. Choose one cofactor which carries chemical groups only. NAD FAD Ubiqinon (coenzyme Q) Hem coenzymes E. * 74. A. B. C. D. E. * 75. A. B. C. D. E. * 76. A. B. C. D. E. * 77. A. B. C. D. E. * 78. A. B. C. D. E. * 79. A. B. C. D. E. * 80. A. B. C. D. E. * 81. Pyridoxal phosphate Prosthetic group of cytochrome is: FAD Ubiqinon Biotin Cooper contain porphyryn complex Iron porphyryn complex How many ATP molecules can be derived from each molecule of acetyl CoA that enters the Krebs’ Cycle? 6 18 38 39 12 Catabolism is a form of metabolism in which molecules are converted into Large start product Peptides, proteins Food, storage All of the above Simple end product, energy Energy is carried from catabolic to anabolic reactions in the form of ADP Coenzymes Inorganic phosphate Oxygen High-energy ATP bonds Which term most precisely describes the general process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones? Anabolism Dehydration Catalysis Metabolism Catabolism Anabolic pathways _______ Do not depend on enzymes Lead to the synthesis of catabolic compounds Release energy as they degrade polymers to monomers All of the above Consume energy to build up polymers from monomers The coenzyme electron carriers produced in the Krebs cycle are ATP and ADP Pyruvate and acetyl CoA NAD and NADH NADH and ATP FADH2 and NADH Why is ATP an important molecule in metabolism? A. B. C. D. E. * 82. A. B. C. D. E. * 83. A. B. C. D. E. * 84. A. B. C. D. E. * 85. A. B. C. D. E. * 86. A. B. C. D. E. * 87. A. B. C. D. E. * 88. A. Its hydrolysis provides an input of free energy for exergonic reactions. Its terminal phosphate group contains a strong covalent bond that when hydrolyzed releases free energy. A and B only A, B and C It provides energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions. A distinct set of metabolic reactions is called a reaction ________________. Cycle Network Mechanism A and B Pathway Consider the synthesis of a biopolymer in which the addition of successive monomers occurs by the same kind of reaction(s). The synthesis of the polymer is a ________ pathway. Linear Cyclic Branched A and B Spiral Which statement is false about most metabolic pathways? Pathways serve to increase the efficiency of energy transfers The rates of pathway reactions vary to respond to changing conditions The enzymes that catalyze reactions in metabolic pathways generally catalyze only a single step Most pathways are irreversible under physiological conditions Most pathways are reversible under physiological conditions The flow of material through a reaction pathway usually depends on ________________. Control of the first step of the pathway Covalent modification of the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction Feed-forward activation Control of the second step of the pathway Control at several steps in the pathway Most CO2 produced during aerobic cellular respiration is released during Oxidative phosphorylation Lactate fermentation. Electron transport Glycolysis The Kreb’s cycle Which of the following is located in the mitochondria? Cytochrome oxidase Succinate dehydrogenase Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase None of these All of these The patient with cyanide poisoning was delivered to clinic. What mast be immediately used for the improvement of his state? Glucose B. C. D. E. * 89. A. B. C. D. E. * 90. A. B. C. D. E. * 91. A. B. C. D. E. * 92. A. B. C. D. E. * 93. A. B. C. D. E. * 94. A. B. C. Ascorbic acid Vitamin B1 Nicotine amide Cytochromoxidase The rate at which pyruvate from glycolysis is used by the TCA cycle to produce energy is regulated by pyruvate dehydrogenase. During muscle contraction, this enzyme is Inhibited by increases in the calcium concentration Activated by increase in acetyl CoA Activated by increase in NADH Inhibited by increase in AMP Activated by increase in ADP A deficiency in thiamin causes the disease beriberi. Which might you expect to have a higher than normal blood concentration in an individual with this condition? Isocitrate Oxaloacetate Acetyl CoA Malate Pyruvate Compounds like succinate, fumarate and а-ketoglutarate have a catalytic effect on the consumption of oxygen in a cell suspension. The rate of oxygen consumption is far more than that required for their own oxidation. This is evidence that ________. They are intermediates in glycolysis They act as enzymes to cause the oxidation of other compounds They must be cofactors for enzymes that are oxidoreductases All of these They are involved in a cyclic pathway Organism suffers from hypovitaminosis of B5. How will it change the function of oxidoreductases? It will inhibit synthesis and functions of cytochroms It will inhibit synthesis and functions of FMN and FAD – dependent dehydrogenases It causes improper synthesis and functions of TPP, which is the coenzyme of pyruvate dehydrogenase. It causes inhibition of synthesis and functions of aminotransferases. It causes inhibition of synthesis and functions of NAD and NADP – dependent oxidoreductases (dehydrogenases) In blood and urine of a patient an increase value of pyruvic and ketoglutaric acids takes place. The deficiency of which coenzyme causes these changes? Pyridoxal phosphate Flavin mononucleotide Biotin Ubiquinon Thiamin pyrophosphate As resalt of hypovitaminosis a 55 year old woman has sympthoms of pyruvate oxidative decarboxilation inhibition. Aerobic oxidation of pyruvate to CO2 and H2O results in formation of molecules ATP: 38 ATP 12 ATP 3 ATP D. E. * 95. A. B. C. D. E. * 96. A. B. C. D. E. * 97. A. B. C. D. E. * 98. A. B. C. D. E. * 99. A. B. C. D. E. * 100. A. B. C. D. E. * 2 ATP 15 ATP Patient suffers from severe hypovitaminosis, low activity of dehydrogenases. Cofactors of dehydrogenases are all, except one: NAD+ NADP+ FMN FAD c-AMP For treatment of many diseases cocarboxylase (thiaminpyrophosphate) is used for providing of energy for cells. Choose what metabolic process is activated in this case? Deamination of glutamate Decarboxylation of histidine Transamination of aspartate Substrate level phosphorylation Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate The high toxity of ammonia for the neurons of CNS is predetermined by inhibition of TCA and, as a result, decline of the tissue respiration, oxidative phosphorylation, ketonemia. The reason is a binding of ammonia to the following component(s) of cycle: Isocitrate Succinate Fumarate Oxaloacetate Alfa - ketoglutarate During wet beriberi (thiamin deficiency), peripheral vessels dilate and heart muscles loose their contractility. Some people think this is a result of a failure of the TCA cycle. Evidence for this is an increase in the Rate of production of succinate Rate of production of NADH Production of ATP Production of FADH2 Concentration of alpha-ketoglutarate and pyruvate A patient was diagnosed with beri-beri disease (thiamin deficiency). Activity of which enzyme is inhibited in an organism of the patient? Fumarase Citrate synthase Malate dehydrogenase Succinate dehydrogenase Pyruvate dehydrogenase The accumulation of pyruvate in blood, decrease of activity of transketolase of red blood cells takes place in organism of a 46 years old chronic alcoholic. Insufficiency of coenzyme form of which vitamin causes such changes? Carboxybiotin Metylcobalamin Phosphopyridoxal Tetrahydrofolate Thiamine diphosphate 101. A. B. C. D. E. * 102. A. B. C. D. E. * 103. A. B. C. D. E. * 104. A. B. C. D. E. * 105. A. B. C. D. E. * 106. A. B. C. D. E. * 107. A. B. C. D. E. * 108. A. B. Substrate-level phosphorylation differs from oxidative phosphorylation in that: Substrate-level phosphorylation involves the transfer of electrons Substrate-level phosphorylation only occurs in the cytosol Oxidative phosphorylation only occurs in the cytosol GTP is always involved in substrate-level phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation involves the transfer of electrons Which of the following statements is false? Phosphofructokinase is the rate limiting enzyme in glycolysis Phosphorylase activity is higher in Type II fibres than in Type I fibres Endurance training increases the amount of TCA cycle enzymes in muscle The heart can oxidise lactate Oxygen is consumed in the TCA cycle The respiratory exchange ratio (RER) is the ratio of: Volume of carbon dioxide produced volume of oxygen consumed Volume of oxygen produced volume of carbon dioxide consumed Volume of oxygen consumed body mass Volume of oxygen consumed lung ventilation Volume of oxygen consumed volume of carbon dioxide produced The coenzymes NAD and FAD carry electrons to the Nucleus Citric Acid cycle Plasma membrane Lysosoms Electron transport system When a phosphate is transferred from a high-energy molecule of ADP to form ATP it's referred to as _____. Photophosphorylation Substrate-level phosphorylation Citric cycle Decarboxilation of pyruvat Oxidative phosphorylation When O2 is reduced during the electron transport system, _____ is produced. CO2 ADP Glucose Pyruvat H2O Uncoupling of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation: Allows continued mitochondrial ATP formation, but halts O2 consumption Halts all mitochondrial metabolism Slows down the citric acid cycle Slows the conversion of glucose to pyruvate by glycolysis Halts mitochondrial ATP formation, but allows continued O2 consumption The final electron acceptor in the electron transport system is _____. FADH2 Coenzyme Q C. D. E. * 109. A. B. C. D. E. * 110. A. B. C. D. E. * 111. A. B. C. D. E. * 112. A. B. C. D. E. * 113. A. B. C. D. E. * 114. A. B. C. D. E. * 115. A. B. C. D. Cytochrome b Cytochrome c O2 How many ATP molecules are produced when FADH2 delivers electrons to the electron transport system? 1 4 36 12 2 Almost all of the oxygen (O2) one consumes in breathing is converted to: Acetyl-CoA Carbon dioxide (CO2) Carbon monoxide and then to carbon dioxide None of the above Water In normal mitochondria, the rate of NADH consumption (oxidation) will: Be increased in active muscle, decreased in inactive muscle Be very low if the ATP synthase is inhibited, but increase when an uncoupler is added Decrease if mitochondrial ADP is depleted Decrease when cyanide is used to prevent electron transfer through the cytochrome a + a3 complex All of the above are true Several prosthetic groups act as redox centers in Complex I, including: FMN, ubiquinone, iron-sulfur clusters, heme Heme, ubiquinone, iron-sulfur clusters All of the above None of the above FMN, iron-sulfur clusters In the electron transport chain, the hydrogen ions enter the inner compartment of mitochondria through special channels formed by Coenzyme A Acetyl CoA Oxygen Water ATP synthase The movement of protons through ATP synthase occurs from the Matrix to the intermembrane space Matrix to the cytoplasm Intermembrane space to the cytoplasm Cytoplasm to the intermembrane space Intermembrane space to the matrix Energy is carried from catabolic to anabolic reactions in the form of ADP Coenzymes Inorganic phosphate Oxygen E. * 116. A. B. C. D. E. * 117. A. B. C. D. E. * 118. A. B. C. D. E. * 119. High-energy ATP bonds Exergonic reactions Consume energy Form bonds Occur only outside the cell All of the above Release potential energy Most oxidation reactions in bioenergetics involve the Addition of electrons and hydrogens Addition of oxygen Removal of oxygen None of the above Removal of electrons and hydrogens The FADH2 formed during the TCA cycle enters the electron transport system at which site? NADH dehydrogenase Cytochrome a ATP synthase Cytochrome c1 Coenzyme Q ATP synthase complexes can generate _______ATP(s) for each NADH that enters electron transport. A. B. C. D. E. * 120. A. B. C. D. E. * 121. A. B. C. D. E. * 122. A. B. C. D. E. * 123. A. 1 2 4 8 3 All of the following processes produce ATP, except: Oxidative phosphorilation Glycolysis The Krebs cycle The electron transport chain Lactic acid formation Most energy during cell respiration is harvested during The Krebs cycle Glycolysis Anaerobic respiration Fermentation Oxidative phosphorilation The loss of hydrogen is known as Dehydration Hydrogenation Reduction Both D and D are correct Oxidation A chemical reaction that has a positive Delta G is correctly described as _______ Exothermic B. C. D. E. * 124. A. B. C. D. E. * 125. A. B. C. D. E. * 126. A. B. C. D. E. * 127. A. B. C. D. E. * 128. A. B. C. D. E. * 129. A. B. C. D. E. * 130. A. B. C. Exergonic Enthalpic Spontaneous Endergonic Which of the following is true for exergonic reactions? The reactions upgrade the free energy in the products at the expense of energy from the surroundings A net input of energy from the surroundings is required for the reactions to proceed The products have more free energy than the reactants Reactants will always be completely converted to products The products have less free energy than the reactants The transfer of free energy from catabolic pathways to anabolic pathways is best called Feedback regulation Bioenergetics Cooperativity Entropy Energy coupling An electron transferred in a biological system is usually Boosted to a higher light energy state Accompanied by a proton Given off as radiant energy Lost to the system as heat Converted into other chemical compounds In oxidative respiration, energy is harvested from glucose molecules in a sequence of four major pathways. Which of the following is not one of these four pathways? Krebs cycle Glycolysis Electron transfer through the transport chain Pyruvate oxidation Beta oxidation The coenzyme electron carriers produced in the Krebs cycle are ATP and ADP Pyruvate and acetyl CoA NAD and NADH NADH and ATP FADH2 and NADH Chemiosmotic generation of ATP is driven by Phosphate transfer through the plasma membrane Sodium, potassium pump Osmosis of macromolecules Large quantities of ADP A difference in H+ concentration on the two sides of the mitochondrial membrane A process common to all living organisms, aerobic and anaerobic, is Fermentation The Krebs cycle Electron transport chain reactions D. E. * 131. A. B. C. D. E. * 132. A. B. C. D. E. * 133. A. B. C. D. E. * 134. A. B. C. D. E. * 135. A. B. C. D. E. * 136. A. B. C. D. E. * 137. A. B. C. D. E. * Pyruvate oxidation Glycolysis The oxygen utilized in cellular respiration finally shows up as CO2 ATP New O2 Part of a sugar H2O The electron transport chain consists all of the following except NADH dehydrogenase Cytochrome complex Cytochrome c oxidase Ubiquinone, Q Oxygenase A chemical reaction with a positive Go' would be considered a/an Exergonic reaction Energy generating reaction Catabolic reaction A and B Endergonic reaction The amount of energy required to bring all molecules to a reactive state prior to a chemical reaction is called the reaction's _____________. Free energy of formation Van der Waal's energy Go' More than one of the above is correct Activation energy Which of the following would be considered one of a cell's electron carriers? ATP FAD All of the above More than one of the above, but not NADH The notion that ATP is generated by a proton gradient existing across a membrane is called Proton motion Cytochromic flow Lactate reduction A and D Chemiosmotic theory In an electron carrier system, the net energy change is determined by the difference in reduction potentials between the Primary electron donor and the terminal electron donor Primary electron acceptor and the terminal electron acceptor Primary electron acceptor and the terminal electron donor Secondary electron acceptor and the terminal electron acceptor Primary electron donor and the terminal electron acceptor 138. A. B. C. D. E. * 139. A. B. C. D. E. * 140. A. B. C. D. E. * 141. A. B. C. D. E. * 142. A. B. C. D. E. * 143. A. B. C. D. E. * 144. A. B. C. D. E. * 145. A. Which of the following takes place during oxidative phosphorilation in mitochondria Protons are pumped from the matrix to the intermembrane space Electrons are pumped from the matrix to the intermembrane space Electrons are pumped from the intermembrane space to the matrix NADP is pumped from the matrix to the intermembrane space Protons are translocated from the intermembrane space to the matrix In the mitochondria NADH and QH2 are oxidized by ____________. Carbon dioxide Hydrogen peroxide Ozone Water Oxygen The protonmotive force is a result of __________. The flow of electrons from the matrix to the inner membrane space The flow of protons within the inner mitochondrial membrane All of the above None of the above A combination of an electrical potential and a chemical potential The synthesis of one molecule of ATP from ADP requires _________ to be translocated across the inner mitochondrial membrane. One proton Hundreds of protons 1 mole of protons 10 protons About three protons The enzyme complexes associated with oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain can be classified as ___________ proteins. Peripheral membrane Lipid-anchored membrane Water-soluble Both a and c Integral membrane What has the highest reduction potential? NADH Complex I Complex II Cytochrom c O2 Oxidative phosphorylation requires all of the items listed below except ATP synthase in the correct position in the membrane Enzyme complexes embedded in a membrane The flow of electrons from NADH and QH2 in the membrane A terminal electron acceptor which is O2 in mitochondria A matrix more positively charged than the intermembrane space The chemiosmotic theory explains The phosphorylation of GDP B. C. D. E. * 146. A. B. C. D. E. * 147. A. B. C. D. E. * 148. A. B. C. D. E. * 149. A. B. C. D. E. * 150. A. B. C. D. E. * 151. A. B. C. D. E. * 152. A. B. C. D. E. * The electron transport chain The differences between inner and outer mitochondrial membranes Aerobic respiration The source of energy for formation of mitochondrial ATP Phosphorylation at the expense of ATP is catalyzed by __________. Phosphoryl isomerases Phosphatases All of the above None of the above Protein kinases Enzymes are biological catalysts that enhance the rate of a reaction by: Decreasing the amount of free energy released Increasing the activation energy Increasing the amount of free energy released Increasing the energy of the transition state Decreasing the activation energy Energy requiring metabolic pathways that yield complex molecules from simpler precursors are: Amphibolic Autotrophic Catabolic Heterotrophic Anabolic Which molecule is an electron carrier that is carrying electrons? NaCl NAD+ NH4 (NH4)2SO4 NADH Which of the following is true for all exergonic reactions? A net input of energy from the surroundings is required for the reactions to proceed The products have more total energy than the reactants The reactions are nonspontaneous The reactants have more total energy than the products The reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy Which metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration? The Kreb’s cycle Reduction of pyruvate to lactate Synthesis of acetyl CoA from pyruvate The electron transport chain Glycolysis Most CO2 produced during aerobic cellular respiration is released during Oxidative phosphorylation Lactate fermentation Electron transport Glycolysis The Kreb’s cycle 153. A. B. C. D. E. * 154. A. B. C. D. E. * 155. A. B. C. D. E. * 156. A. B. C. D. E. * 157. A. B. C. D. E. * 158. A. B. C. D. E. * 159. A. B. C. D. E. * Which of the following coenzymes would have to be continually present in the cell in order for the oxidative reactions of glycolysis to continue? FADH2 NADH ATP All of the above NAD+ The electrons released by FADH2 during its oxidation to FAD by the electron transport system finally end up as part of this molecule: Glucose Carbon dioxide ATP ADP Water In cellular metabolism, ATP provides energy by: Releasing heat upon hydrolysis Acting as a catalyst in chemical reactions Stealing electrons from glucose and it’s intermediates Oxidizing helper molecules Releasing a terminal phosphate group After adding of 1-2 drops of NADI-reagent on the boiled portion of muscles the color doesn't appear - is the result of the: Soulting-out of proteins Enzyme renaturation Enzyme decarboxilation Activation of enzymes Enzyme denaturation A third class of inhibitors - hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon monoxide block electron transport from: Cytochrom c to CO2 Cytochrom b to c Cytochrom b to aa3 NADH to Fe-S proteins Cytochrome aa3 to oxygen The formation of ATP from ADP and phosphate at the expense of the energy yielded by electron transport to oxygen is called: Substrate-level phosphorylation. Tissue respiration Peroxidation Krebs cycle Oxidative phosphorylation How many reactions of substrate-level phosphorylation are in an organism? 2 4 5 12 3 160. A. B. C. D. E. * 161. A. B. C. D. E. * 162. A. B. C. D. E. * 163. A. B. C. D. E. * 164. A. B. C. D. E. * 165. A. B. C. D. E. * 166. A. B. C. D. E. * The most important flavin-linked dehydrogenases of respiration and electron transport are located in the: Cytosol Nucleus Rybosoms Lysosoms Mitochondria In general, the higher the intensity of exercise, the greater the proportional contribution of: Aerobic energy production The TCA cycle (Krebs’ cycle) to the production of ATP The electron transfer chain to the production of ATP Fat oxidation Anaerobic energy production The immediate energy source that drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation is: The flow of electrons down the electron transport chain The oxidation of glucose and other organic compounds The transfer of phosphate to ADP The affinity of oxygen for electrons The H+ concentration gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane Which of the following coenzymes would have to be continually present in the cell in order for the oxidative reactions of glycolysis to continue? FADH2 NADH ATP All of the above NAD+ The direct energy source that drives ATP synthesis during respiratory oxidative phosphorylation is Oxidation of glucose to CO2 and water The thermodynamically favorable flow of electrons from NADH to the mitochondrial electron transport carriers The final transfer of electrons to oxygen Thermodynamically favorable transfer of phosphate molecules (from glycolysis and Krebs cycle intermediates) to ADP The difference in H+ concentration on opposite sides of the inner mitochondrial membrane The ATP produced during fermentation is generated by which of the following? The electron transport chain Krebs cycle Chemiosmosis Citric acid cycle Substrate-level phosphorilation Which process of cell respiration is most closely associated with intracellular membranes? Fermentation The Krebs cycle Glycolysis Substrate-level phosphorilation Oxidative phosphorilation 167. A. B. C. D. E. * 168. A. B. C. D. E. * 169. A. B. C. D. E. * 170. A. B. C. D. E. * 171. A. B. C. D. E. * 172. A. B. C. D. E. * 173. A. B. C. D. E. * 174. A. During cell respiration, most ATP is formed as a direct result of the net movement of Sodium ions diffusion across a membrane Electrons flowing against a gradient Electrons flowing througth a channel Protons flowing against a gradient Protons flowing througth a channel Reactants capable of interacting to form products in a chemical reaction must first overcome a thermodynamic barrier known as the reaction's Entropy Endothermic level Free-energy content Heat content Activation energy Compare the pH of the mitochondrial matrix and inner membrane space. The pH is lower in the matrix The pH in both regions is the same None of these A and B only The pH is lower in the inner membrane space Which of the following produces ATP, reduced coenzymes as high energy molecules and CO2 as its major chemical waste product. Electron transport Glycolysis beta – oxidation or fatty acids Oxidative phosphorylation Citric acid cycle All of the following molecules are directly involved in the electron transport chain except Coenzyme Q O2 FADH2 Cytochrome c Pyruvate A reaction that is facilitated by FADH2 is most likely a(n) Oxidation Hydrolysis Isomerization None of the above Reduction The metal ion that acts as an electron carrier in the cytochromes in the electron transport chain is Magnesium Chromium Cobalt Hydrogen Iron ?Which of the following statements is true about the role of O2 in electron transport? As the final electron donator, O2 gets oxidized and becomes a part of an ATP molecule B. C. D. E. * 175. A. B. C. D. E. * 176. A. B. C. D. E. * 177. A. B. C. D. E. * 178. A. B. C. D. E. * 179. A. B. C. D. E. * 180. A. B. C. D. E. * 181. A. As the final electron acceptor, O2 gets reduced and becomes a part of an ATP molecule As the final electron donator, O2 gets oxidized and becomes a part of a NADH molecule None of the above As the final electron acceptor, O2 gets reduced and becomes a part of a water molecule The notion that ATP is generated by a proton gradient existing across a membrane is called Proton motion Lactate reduction Cytochromic flow Pyruvat decarboxilation Chemiosmotic theory The major reason that glycolysis is not as energy productive as respiration is that: It is the pathway common to fermentation and respiration It does not take place in a specialized membrane bound organelle Pyruvate still contains much of the energy from glucose Substrate level phosphorylation is not as energy efficient as oxidative phosphorylation NAD+ is regenerated by alcohol or lactate production, without the high-energy electrons passing through the electron transport chain In the chemiosmotic mechanism: The difference in pH between the intermembrane space and the cytosol drives the formation of ATP The flow of H+ through ATP synthases from the matrix to the intermembrane space drives the phosphorylation of ADP The energy released by the reduction and subsequent oxidation of components of the electron transport chain is transferred as a phosphate to ADP The produciton of water in the matrix by the reduciton of oxygen leads to a net flow of water out of a mitochondrion ATP produciton is linked to the proton gradient established by the electron transport chain Where is ATP formed during oxidative phosphorylation? In the mitochondria In the cytoplasm In the respiratory chain On the cytochromes On the ATP-synthase, which is located in the mitochondrial matrix and penetrate inner membrane Ways of ATP formation in the organism: Hydrolysis of simple proteins and separation of amino acid Salting-out and denaturation of proteins Decarboxilation of pyruvat and gluconeogenesis All of above Oxidative phosphorylation and substrate-level phosphorylation There are four types of electron-transferring enzymes, except: Pyridine-linked dehydrogenases Flavin-linked dehydrogenases Iron-sulfur proteins Cytochromes Retinol-isomerase The iron-sulfur proteins appear to function as electron carriers by undergoing reversible : Cu (I) to Cu (II) transitions B. C. D. E. * 182. A. B. C. D. E. * 183. A. B. C. D. E. * 184. A. B. C. D. E. * 185. A. B. C. D. E. * 186. A. B. C. D. E. * 187. A. B. C. D. E. * 188. A. B. C. D. E. * Na (I) to Na (II) transitions Mg (I) to Mg (II) transitions None of the above Fe(II)-Fe(III) transitions The cytochromes are localized in the: Cytosol Nucleus Ribosoms Matrix of mitochondria Inner mitochondrial membrane FMN - prosthetic group of: Lactate dehydrogenase Alcohol dehydrogenase Creatin kinase Amino transferase NADH- dehydrogenase Antibiotic antimycin blocks electron transport in the span from: NADH to Fe-S proteins Cytochrome c to aa3 NADH to ubiquinone NADH to cytochrome b Cytochrome b to c1 NADI-reagent includes: H2SO4 and alfa-naphtol 2,4 - dinitrophenol and C-naphtol Starch and para-phenilendiamine None of the above Para-phenilendiamine and β-naphtol The antibiotic oligomycin serves as: Activator of respiratiry chain The ingibitor of Krebs cycle The ingibitor of substrate-level phosphorylation None of the above The inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation The terminal cytochrome of mitochondrial respiration include tightly bounded: Na P CI Mg Cu How many ways of ATP formation are in the organism? 1 10 3 5 2 189. A. B. C. D. E. * 190. A. B. C. D. E. * 191. A. B. C. D. E. * 192. A. B. C. D. E. * 193. A. B. C. D. E. * 194. A. B. C. D. E. * 195. A. B. C. D. E. * 196. The 1-st reaction of substrate-level phosphorylation takes place in the mitochondria matrix and is located in: Respiratory chain Decarboxylation of pyruvate Gluconeogenesis Oxidation of fatty acids Krebs cycle Pyridine-linked dehydrogenases require as coenzymes: FAD, FMN TPP, TDP Coenzyme A THFA NAD, NADP Cytochromes a and a3 together are called : Succinarte dehydrogenase Transaminase Ascorbate oxidase None of the above Cytochrome c oxidase Several inhibitors block electron transport in the span between NADH and ubiquinone, except: Rotenone Amytal Piericidin Both A and B Valinomicin Sucrase hydrolyses sucrose into: Glucose and galactose Glucose and glucose Glucose and mannose None of the above Glucose and fructose The family of GluT (glucose transporters) is: The proteins embedded into the cell membrane and inhibiting the glucose transport across the membrane The cytoplasmic proteins transporting glucose in the cytoplasm of cell The proteins of blood plasma transporting glucose via the blood None of the above The proteins embedded into the cell membrane and facilitating the glucose transport across the membrane The main hormones that regulate the synthesis and decomposition of glycogen are: Insulin, glucocorticoids, thyroxin Gglucagons, glucocorticoids, vasopressin Glucocorticoids, glucagons, epinephrine All of the above Insulin, glucagon, epinephrine Glycolysis is defined as: A. B. C. D. E. * 197. A. B. C. D. E. * 198. A. B. C. D. E. * 199. A. B. C. D. E. * 200. A. B. C. D. E. * 201. A. B. C. D. E. * 202. A. B. C. D. E. * 203. A. B. C. D. Aerobic process in which glucose is transformed to CO2 and H2O Anaerobic process in which glucose is transformed to pyruvate Anaerobic process in which glucose is converted to pentoses and NADPH is produced Aerobic process in which glucose is converted to glycogen Anaerobic process in which glucose is transformed to lactate Glycolysis takes place in: Mitochondria Nucleus Lysosomes None of the above Cytoplasm The possible metabolic pathways for pyruvate in anaerobic conditions are: Conversion to lactate or acetyl CoA Conversion to ethanol or acetyl CoA Conversion to lactate or ethanol or acetyl CoA All of the above Conversion to lactate or ethanol How many molecules of ATP have to be spent during glycolysis? 1 3 4 0 2 How many substrate level phosphorylation reactions are in glycolysis? 1 3 4 0 2 The three control sites in glycolysis are the reactions catalyzed by: Hexokinase, phosphofructokinase 1 and aldolase Phosphofructokinase 1, aldolase and pyruvate kinase Hexokinase, aldolase and pyruvate kinase All of the above Hexokinase, phosphofructokinase 1 and pyruvate kinase Which metabolites link pentose phosphate pathway with glycolysis? 3-phosphoglyserate, 2-phosphoglycerate Phosphoenolpyruvate, pyruvate Fructose 1,6-biphosphate, phosphoenolpyruvate None of the above Fructose 6-phosphate, glucose 6-phosphate Phosphofructokinase I deficiency results in: An overproduction of Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate deficiency A and c only None of the above E. * 204. A. B. C. D. E. * 205. A. B. C. D. E. * 206. A. B. C. D. E. * 207. A. B. C. D. E. * 208. A. B. C. D. E. * 209. A. B. C. D. E. * 210. A. B. C. D. E. * An overproduction of fructose 6-phosphate Which of the following is not regulated in glycolysis? Pyruvate kinase Hexokinase PFK-1 A and D Phosphoglycerate kinase Which is not among the possible fates of pyruvate after glycolysis? Conversion to lactate Further reduction by the citric acid cycle Conversion to ethanol All of the above Used in the biosynthesis of alanine What chemical species activates the GLUT4 protein to transport glucose into cells? Adrenaline Protein kinase A PFK-2 All of the above Insulin A patient is found to be deficient in the enzyme galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase. Specifically due to this deficiency what might a doctor recommend? Avoid all strenuous exercise Eat a fat-free diet Increase intake of vitamin C All of the above. Avoid ingestion of milk and milk products The enzyme which the key regulatory step in glycogen biosynthesis is Glycogenin Branching enzyme Phosphoglucomutase UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase Glycogen synthase Which is not a function of the main products of the pentose phosphate pathway? To maintain the reduced form of iron in hemoglobin To provide reducing power for the synthesis of fatty acids To serve as precursors in the biosynthesis of RNA and DNA None of the above To raise the concentration of cAMP The non-oxidative stage of the pentose phosphate pathway produces substances that are intermediates of ___________. The citric acid cycle The Cori cycle Glycogenolysis None of the above Glycolysis 211. A. B. C. D. E. * 212. A. B. C. D. E. * 213. A. B. C. D. E. * 214. A. B. C. D. E. * 215. A. B. C. D. E. * 216. A. B. C. D. E. * 217. A. B. C. D. E. * 218. A. B. Fragments containing three carbons can be transferred from a ketose phosphate to an aldose phosphate by the enzyme ________________. Pyruvate carboxylase Debranching enzyme Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase None of the above Transaldolase Which of the following is not regulated in glycolysis? Pyruvate kinase Hexokinase PFK-1 Glucokinase Phosphoglycerate kinase The conversion of pyruvate to ethanol also causes the ______________. Production of ADP Consumption of O2 Generation of an ion gradient across mitochondrial membranes None of the above Oxidation of NADH The enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate is _________. Lactate reductase Pyruvate kinase Lactoenolpyruvate None of the above Lactate dehydrogenase Which substance causes muscles to ache during strenuous exercise? Pyruvic acid Lactose dehydrogenase Lactate ion None of the above Lactic acid The activity of which glycolytic enzyme shown below is not used to control the rate of glycolysis? PFK-1 Pyruvate kinase Hexokinase None of the above Triose phosphate isomerase The slowing of glycolysis in the presence of oxygen is called the ________ effect. Bohr Michaelis-Menton Pauling None of the above Pastuer The pentose phosphate pathway has two primary products. They are _________. ATP and NADPH Oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA C. D. E. * 219. A. B. C. D. E. * 220. A. B. C. D. E. * 221. A. B. C. D. E. * 222. A. B. C. D. E. * 223. A. B. C. D. E. * 224. A. B. C. D. E. * 225. A. B. C. D. E. * Sorbitol and fructose A and d Ribose-5-phosphate and NADPH An enzyme that catalyzes conversions of L-sugars to D-sugars is called an Lyase Hydrolase Synthetase Synthase Isomerase In the oxygen insufficiency glycolisis is used as the energy source. Select glycolisis among the below mentioned processes. Glucose to CO2 and H2O oxidation Pyruvate to acetyl CoA oxidation Glucose to glucuronic acid oxidation Glycogen to glucose oxidation Glucose to lactate oxidation In which of the below-mentioned glycolysis reactions substrate level phosphorylation takes place? Aldolase Phosphofructokinase Lactate dehydrogenase Hexokinase Pyruvate kinase The normal concentration of lactate in blood is: 4,4-6,6 mmol/l 3,3-5,5 mmol/l 4,4-5,5 mmol/l 5,5-6,6 mmol/l 1-2 mmol/l The products of sucrose decomposition in the intestine are: Glucose, galactose Fructose, galactose Maltose, ribose Ribose, glucose Glucose, fructose The products of lactose decomposition in the intestine are: Glucose, fructose Fructose, galactose Maltose, ribose Ribose, glucose Glucose, galactose Which enzyme of glycolysis requires insulin as activator? Glucose-6-phosphatase, phosphoglucomutase Glucose-6-phosphate-isomerase, aldolase Aldolase, lactate dehydrogenase Phosphoglucomutase, aldolase Hexokinase 226. A. B. C. D. E. * 227. A. B. C. D. E. * 228. A. B. C. D. E. * 229. A. B. C. D. E. * 230. A. B. C. D. E. * 231. A. B. C. D. E. * 232. A. B. C. D. E. * 233. A. B. C. The preparatory stage of glycolysis ends with the formation of: Fructose-1,6-diphosphate Glucose-6-phosphate 2-phosphoglycerate Phosphoenolpyruvate Two trioses (dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehydetryphosphate) Name the glycolysis reactions, flowing with the formation of ATP: Hexokinase, enolase Enolase, aldolase Pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase Hexokinase, phosphofructokinase Phosphoglycerate kinase, pyruvate kinase Metabolite, formed in the process of glucose phosphorylation under influence of hexokinase is: Fructose-1-phosphate Fructose-6-phosphate Glucose-1,6-diphosphate Fructose-1,6-diphosphate Glucose-6-phosphate Enzyme which catalyzes the first glycolysis reaction: Glucose-6-phosphatase Phosphorylase Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase Amylase Hexokinase The products, which are formed by the decomposition of fructose-1,6-biphosphate in the glycolysis: Glycerol, pyruvate Pyruvate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate Lactic acid, acetyl CoA Acetyl CoA, glycerin Dihydroxyacetone phosphate, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Energetic value of anaerobic glycolysis: 10 ATP molecules 4 ATP molecules 40 ATP molecules 32 ATP molecules 2 ATP molecules How many ATP molecules are formed with complete oxidation of glucose in aerobic condition? 2 8 42 30 38 The process of glucose oxidation in anaerobic condition is: Glyconeogenesis Glycogenolysis Glycogenogenesis D. E. * 234. A. B. C. D. E. * 235. A. B. C. D. E. * 236. A. B. C. D. E. * 237. A. B. C. D. E. * 238. A. B. C. D. E. * 239. A. B. C. D. E. * 240. A. B. C. D. E. * Lipolysis Glycolisis The regulatory reaction of glycolysis is: Lactate dehydrogenase Glucose-6-phosphatase Aldolase Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase Pyruvate kinase The end product of anaerobic glycolysis is: Pyruvate Ethanol Acetic acid Glycerine aldehyde Lactic acid Name the glycolysis reaction, which requires ATP energy: Hexokinase, enolase Enolase, aldolase Pyruvatekinase Phosphoglucomutase, enolase Hexokinase, phosphofructokinase 1 Where in the cell reactions of glycolysis are localized? Mitochondria Lysosomes Microsomes Nucleus Cytoplasm Enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of fructose-1,6-diphosphate disintegration into two trioses in the process of glycolysis is named: Glucokinase Glucose-6-phosphatase Phosphofructikinase Enolase Aldolase Choose irreversible reactions of glycolysis: Aldolase, hexokinase, lactate dehydrogenase Enolase, aldolase, pyruvate kinase Phosphoglycerate kinase, enolase, lactate dehydrogenase Pyruvate kinase, phosphoglycerate kinase, aldolase Hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvatekinase The inhibitor of phosphofructikinase in the glycolysis is: Guanosine monophosphate Cytidine monophosphate Guanosine triphosphate Uridine diphosphate Adenosine triphosphate 241. A. B. C. D. E. * 242. A. B. C. D. E. * 243. A. B. C. D. E. * 244. A. B. C. D. E. * 245. A. B. C. D. E. * 246. A. B. C. D. E. * 247. A. B. C. D. E. * How many ATP molucules are formed as a result of anaerobic oxidation of a single glucose molecule (net output)? 6 8 4 1 2 Enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of transformation acetaldehyde to ethanol is: Pyruvate decarboxylase Malate dehydrogenase Lactate dehydrogenase Succinate dehydrogenase Alcohol dehydrogenase The end produtcs of aerobic glucose oxidation: Lactic acid CO2 and H2O Ethanol Acetaldehyde Pyruvate The concentration of glucose in the blood is normal. Which of the below-mentioned index proves this? 3-10 mmol/l 4-8 mmol/l 10-15 g/l 1-2 mmol/l 3,3-5,5 mmol/l Glycolysis has 2 stages. The peculiarities of preparatory stage are: Phosphorylation and energy secretion Glycolysis metabolites oxidation Are performed the reactions of substrate phosphorylation Formation of pyruvate Energy usage The biological functions of glycolysis are the following, except: Getting energy by short way ATP formation by substrate level phosphorylation Usage of intermediate metabolites for lipids synthesis Usage of metabolites fo glyconeogenesis ATP formation by oxidative phosphorylation Yeast will normally convert pyruvate to ethanol. Why is this better for the yeast than a conversion to lactate? Conversion to ethanol releases more NAD+ per mole than the conversion to lactate The carbon atoms are more oxidized in ethanol than in lactate Ethanol production is not better. Yeast normally produces ethanol and lactate in equilmolar amounts A and B only Ethanol is neutral, but lactate production is accompanied by a sharp decrease in pH 248. A. B. C. D. E. * 249. A. B. C. D. E. * 250. A. B. C. D. E. * 251. A. B. C. D. E. * 252. A. B. C. D. E. * 253. A. B. C. D. E. * 254. A. B. C. D. E. * 255. The activity of which glycolytic enzyme shown below is not used to control the rate of glycolysis? PFK-1 Pyruvate kinase Hexokinase Glucokinase Triose phosphate isomerase How does the number of molecules of ATP produced compare for conversion of one molecule of either glucose or fructose to pyruvate? Fructose produces one less ATP than glucose Fructose produces one more ATP than glucose Fructose produces twice the number of ATP compared to glucose Fructose produces two more ATP than glucose Fructose produces the same number of ATP's The sequence of glucose oxidation to lactate in peripheral tissues, delivery of lactate to the liver, formation of glucose from lactate in the liver, and delivery of glucose back to peripheral tissues is known as the ______. Glyoxylate cycle Kreb's cycle Gluconeogenesis cycle None of the above Cori cycle Which is not a possible fate of mitochondrial pyruvate? Conversion to oxaloacetate by pyruvate carboxylase Conversion to acetyl CoA Conversion to citrate for fatty acid synthesis A, b and c Conversion to phosphoenolpyruvate by pyruvate kinase Which molecule cannot be directly transported from the mitochondria to the cytosol? Acetate Malate Phosphoenolpyruvate A and c Oxaloacetate What types of reactions are involved in the two-step conversion of glucose to fructose? Two sequential hydrolysis reactions Hydrolysis followed by isomerization (rearrangement) Phosphorylation followed by dephosphorylation Phosphorylation followed by reduction Reduction followed by oxidation The pentose phosphate pathway has two primary products. They are _________. ATP and NADPH Oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA Sorbitol and fructose Ribose-5-phosphate and FADH2 Ribose-5-phosphate and NADPH Which is not a function of the main products of the pentose phosphate pathway? A. B. C. D. E. * 256. A. B. C. D. E. * 257. A. B. C. D. E. * 258. A. B. C. D. E. * 259. A. B. C. D. E. * 260. A. B. C. D. E. * 261. A. B. C. D. E. * 262. A. B. To maintain the reduced form of iron in hemoglobin To provide reducing power for the synthesis of fatty acids To serve as precursors in the biosynthesis of RNA and DNA D and C To raise the concentration of cAMP The non-oxidative stage of the pentose phosphate pathway produces substances that are intermediates of ___________. The citric acid cycle The Cori cycle Glycogenolysis B and C Glycolysis The major regulatory step of the pentose phosphate pathway is catalyzed by which enzyme? Transaldolase Phosphofructokinase-1 Ribose 5-phosphate isomerase Hexokinase Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase Which is a reasonable concentration for glucose in the blood? 0.5 mM 50 mM 5M 3.5 M 5 mM At starvation how long in humans glycogen store in a liver may be used? 10 minutes 4 hours 1 week 2 weeks 24 hours What is the prosthetic group of transketolase? Biotin Pyridoxal phosphate NAD+ FAD Thiamine pyrophosphate A basic role in digestion of carbohydrates in a digestive tract belongs to following enzymes: Alfa-amylase, hexokinase, lactase Maltase, sucrase, enterokinase Sucrase, maltase, glycogen phosphorylase Aldolase, glucokinase, beta-amylase Lactase, alfa-amylase, sucrase For absorption of galactose and fructose into the enterocytes of intestine the presence of such ions is needed: Mg2+ Zn2+ C. D. E. * 263. A. B. C. D. E. * 264. A. B. C. D. E. * 265. A. B. C. D. E. * 266. A. B. C. D. E. * 267. A. B. C. D. E. * 268. A. B. C. D. E. * 269. A. B. C. Ca2+ H+ Na+ Choose from the below mentioned carbohydrates those, which contains a galactose: Heparin Maltose Sucrose Starch Lactose From the diet of a boy with such symptoms of galactosemia as vomiting, diarrhea, underdevelopment, galactosuria, it is necessary to eliminate: Fats Meat, fish Tea, coffees Fruits Milk and milk products The reason of cataract development in children with galactosemia is a decrease of such enzyme activity in a lens as: Glucokinase Galactomutase Aldolase UDP-glucuronil transferase Galactose-1- phosphate uridiltransferase A UDP-galactose is used as a donor of galactose for the reaction of synthesis of: Lactose (in a mammary gland) Glycoproteins Glycolipids Proteoglycans All answers are correct Transformation: D- galactose -1-phosphate + UDP-glucose>D-glucose-1- phosphate + UDP-1galactose, catalyses an enzyme: Hexokinase Phosphoglucomutase Glucokinase UDP-galactopyrophosphorilase Galactose-1- phosphate uridiltransferase Galactose of food joins metabolism by transformation of it into: Ribulose-5- phosphate Fructose-1,6-biphosphate Glycerophosphate Fructose-1- phosphate Glucose-1- phosphate The innate undigestion of fructose is related to the genetic defect of enzyme: Hexokinase Phosphofructokinase Phosphoglucoisomerase D. E. * 270. A. B. C. D. E. * 271. A. B. C. D. E. * 272. A. B. C. D. E. * 273. A. B. C. D. E. * 274. A. B. C. D. E. * 275. A. B. C. D. E. * 276. A. B. C. Enolase Fructose-1-phosphate aldolase Phosphorylation of fructose is catalyzed by enzymes: Hexokinase and enolase Phosphofructokinase and enolase Phosphofructokinase and phosphoglucoisomerase Fructose-1-phosphate aldolase and hexokinase Fructokinase and nonespecific hexokinase For transformation of fructose into fructose -1, 6-dyphosphate enzyme and______ are needed: ADP NADP Co A Fructose-1-phosphate ATP What enzyme catalyzes transformation of fructose -6-phosphate into glucose -6-phosphate? Phosphofructokinase Phosphoglucomutase Triosophosphateisomerase Enolase Phosphoglucoisomerase Fructose -6-phosphate in muscles, kidneys, adipocytes joins glycolysis by its transformation under the action of phosphofructokinase into fructose -1, 6-byphosphate. Which components are needed for this reaction? AMP and Zn2+ GTP and Ca2+ UTP and Na+ GDP and Mg2+ ATP and Mg2+ In muscles of person after hard physical work _____ accumulates: Glycogen Pyruvate Glucose CO2 and H2O Lactate The accumulation of phosphorylated monosaccharides in the hepatocytes does not result in the osmotic transfer of water and swelling of cells because glucose -6-phosphate converts into insoluble: Starch Dekstrins Cellulose Triacylglycerol Glycogen The reactions of alcohol fermentation and glycolysis are same to the stage of pyruvate which farther under action of pyruvate decarboxylase converts into: Ethanol Lactate Glycerol D. E. * 277. A. B. C. D. E. * 278. A. B. C. D. E. * 279. A. B. C. D. E. * 280. A. B. C. D. E. * 281. A. B. C. D. E. * 282. A. B. C. D. E. * 283. A. B. C. Glyceraldehyde Acetaldehyde Mature red cells, retina, kidneys medulla, utilize energy mainly of glycolytic decomposition of glucose because in the cells of these organs and tissues: The TCA does not function The respiratory chain is absent There are no any mitochondria High activity of glycolytic enzymes All answers are correct Converting of glucose into lactic acid consists of eleven reactions. Several of reactions as activators need ions: Zn2+ Ca2+ ClNa+ Mg2+ Choose the reaction of glycolysis, which catalyzed by phosphoglucoisomerase: Glucose -6-phosphate > glucose -1-phosphate Glucose -6-phosphate > glucose Glucose G glucose > 6-phosphate Glucose -1-phosphate > fructose -6-phosphate Glucose -6-phosphate > fructose -6-phosphate The major regulatory enzyme of glycolysis is phosphofructokinase, the activators of which are: ATP and citrate Lactate and AMP Malonate and ATP Ions of Zn2+ and Na+ AMP and ADP The preparatory stage of glycolysis ends with formation of glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate and dioxyacetone phosphate. This reaction catalyzed by an enzyme: Phosphoglyceratekinase Hexokinase Enolase Phosphoglyceratemutase Aldolase For activation of glucose molecule and it preparation to the splitting into two trioses in the glycolysis______ is (are) used: 1 ATP 5 ATP 12 ATP 8 ATP 2 ATP In anaerobic glycolysis which does not need mitochondrial respiratory chain, ATP forms with: One reaction of the substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation Three reactions of the substrate level phosphorylation One reaction of the substrate level phosphorylation D. E. * 284. A. B. C. D. E. * 285. A. B. C. D. E. * 286. A. B. C. D. E. * 287. A. B. C. D. E. * 288. A. B. C. D. E. * 289. A. B. C. D. E. * 290. A. B. C. D. Two reactions of the oxidative phosphorylation Two reactions of the substrate level phosphorylation Last reaction of anaerobic glycolysis: Pyruvate > lactate is catalyzed with NAD-dependent enzyme: Pyruvate kinase Pyruvate dehydrogenase Lactase Enolase Lactate dehydrogenase What from the below mentioned functions is not specific to glycolysis? Providing of organism energy at the hypoxia Formation of dihydroxyacetone phosphate that is reduced to the glycerophosphate Formation of pyruvate and lactate for their transformations in aerobic conditions Energy source for malignant cells Synthesis of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation The product of aerobic glycolysis is: 1,3- biphosphoglycerate Acetyl-CoA Enolphosphopyruvate Lactate Pyruvate The sequence of reactions of alcohol fermentation is the same, as a sequence of reactions of glycolysis to the stage of such product formation as: Lactate 3- phosphoglycerate 2-phosphoglycerate Two trioses Pyruvate In the process of alcohol fermentation, which in the human organism takes place in the cavity of intestine, acetaldehyde is reduces to the ethanol with: NADPH•H+ FAD•H2 FMN•H2 CoQ•H2 NADH•H+ The reaction of ethanol formation at the alcohol fermentation is catalyzed by an enzyme: Pyruvate dehydrogenase Enolase Lactate dehydrogenase Pyruvate decarboxylase Alcohol dehydrogenase The transport of hydrogen from cytoplasmic NADH to the respiratory chain of internal mitochondrial membrane takes place with a help of: Carnitine Simple diffusion Permeases Ionophores E. * 291. A. B. C. D. E. * 292. A. B. C. D. E. * 293. A. B. C. D. E. * 294. A. B. C. D. E. * 295. A. B. C. D. E. * 296. A. B. C. D. E. * 297. A. B. C. D. E. * Malate-aspartate shuttle system In liver, myocardium and kidneys a malate-aspartate shuttle system per one molecule of NADH•H+ provides formation of: 1 ATP 8 ATP 12 ATP 15 ATP 3 ATP In skeletal muscles and cells of brain a transfer of hydrogen from cytoplasmatic NADH•H+ is carries out by: Ionophores Permeases Carnytin Malate-aspartate shuttle system Glycerophosphate shuttle system A glycerophosphate shuttle system per one molecule of cytoplasmatic NADH•H+ 15 ATP 12 ATP 2 ATP 3 ATP 8 ATP Cofactors of dehydrogenases are all below mentioned, except one: NAD+ NADP+ FMN FAD c-AMP ic oxidation of pyruvate to CO2 and H2O results in formation of ____molecules ATP: 38 ATP 12 ATP 3 ATP 2 ATP 15 ATP Glucose, that transferred with blood from an intestine to liver, is utillized in all processes, except: Formation of glycogen Oxidation to CO2 and H2O with selection of energy Convertion into fats for srorrage of energy Is carried by blood to the brain as a source of energy Is used for detoxification of ammonia The key intermediate product of carbohydrate metabolism – glucose-6-phosphate – can be transformed in a liver in all ways, except: Glycogen synthesis Glucose-6-phosphate under the action of specific phosphatases formes free glucose Aerobic glycolisis to pyruvate Spliting to CO2 and H2O with ATP release Transforms into uracyl 298. A. B. C. D. E. * 299. A. B. C. D. E. * 300. A. B. C. D. E. * 301. A. B. C. D. E. * 302. A. B. C. D. E. * 303. A. B. C. D. E. * 304. A. B. C. D. E. * 305. A. B. What enzyme transformes glucose in a liver into glucose-6-phosphate? Phosphoglucomutase Phosphatase Fructokinase Glucose isomerase Hexokinase Name 2 products of the first reaction of penthose phosphate pathway in a liver: Glucose and phosphatidic acid NADH and pentose Gluconic acid and ribulose Glucose-1,6-diphosphate and NADPH 6-phosphogluconolactone and NADPH The enzymes of glycolysis are located in the: Mitochondrion Nucleus Lysosomes Interstitial fluid Cytoplasm Glycerol is converted to ___________ when it is used for gluconeogenesis. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate Phosphoenolpyruvate Oxaloacetate None of the above 3-phosphoglycerate Which substance causes muscles to ache during strenuous exercise? Pyruvic acid Lactose dehydrogenase Lactate ion None of the above Lactic acid What chemical species activates the GLUT4 protein to transport glucose into cells? Adrenaline Protein kinase A PFK-2 None of the above Insulin An enzyme is specific. This means It has a certain amino acid sequence It is found only in a certain place It functions only under certain environmental conditions It occurs in only one type of cell It speeds up a particular chemical reaction Some enzymes involved in the hydrolysis of ATP cannot function without help of sodium ions. Sodium in this case functions as A substrate An active site C. D. E. * 306. A. B. C. D. E. * 307. A. B. C. D. E. * 308. A. B. C. D. E. * 309. A. B. C. D. E. * 310. A. B. C. D. E. * 311. A. B. C. D. E. * 312. A. B. C. D. E. * A noncompetitive inhibitor A vitamin A cofactor The term given to the number of substrate molecules an enzyme can process per second – Reaction rate Optimal rate Turnover rate The substrate processing number Michaelis constant Enzymes Enhance reaction rates Are affected by pH Act on specific substrates Are affected by temperature All of the above Enzymes lower the activation energy for biochemical reactions. They do this by _______. Creating energy for use in the reactions they catalyze Releasing energy which ultimately lowers the activation energy Diffusion of Na and K through the Na-K pump Always having a higher energy than the substrates Forming a substrate-enzyme complex The type of enzyme inhibition that lowers the rate at which a process proceeds by rivaling the substrate for the active site is known as _________ inhibition. Uncompetitive Uncompetitive Feedback Allosteric Competitive Allosteric enzymes _____________. Usually have quaternary structure Do not behave according to Michaelis-Menton kinetics Often have separate catalytic and regulator domains All of the above Bind allosteric modulators at sites not associated with substrate binding A reversible inhibitor that only binds to the ES complex is referred to as a _____. Competitive inhibitor Non-competitive inhibitor Suicide inhibitor Irreversible inhibitor Uncompetitive inhibitor Enzyme cofactors that bind covalently at the active site of an enzyme are referred to as _________. Cosubstrates Apoenzymes Vitamins Isoenzymes Prosthetic groups 313. A. B. C. D. E. * 314. A. B. C. D. E. * 315. A. B. C. D. E. * 316. A. B. C. D. E. * 317. A. B. C. D. E. * 318. A. B. C. D. E. * 319. A. B. C. D. E. * 320. A. B. A reversible inhibitor that can bind to either E alone or the ES complex is referred to as a _____. Competitive inhibitor Uncompetitive inhibitor Suicide inhibitor Irreversible inhibitor Non-competitive inhibitor Enzymes that are activated by proteolytic cleavage are referred to as __________. Covalently modified enzymes Enzyme complexes Polymerized Free radicals Zymogens An enzyme without its required co-factor prosthetic group is referred to as the____________________. Cenzyme Apoenzyme Izoensymes None of the above Holoenzyme A holoenzyme refers to the form of the enzyme__________________. That does not have the cofactor attached That is normally inactive None of the above That has only prosthetic group That has the cofactor attached The activity of a zymogen is activated by____________. Covalent modifications Allosteric regulation Association/disassociation of subunits None of the above Proteolytic modification Most enzymes are composed of. Lipids Carbohydrates Phosphates Vitamins Proteins Unlike typical catalyzed reactions in organic chemistry enzyme reactions are Usually stereospecific Reaction specific Essentially 100% efficient Modulated to change activity levels All of the these In an enzyme reaction involving one enzyme and one substrate, the rate of the reaction depends on Substrate concentration Enzyme concentration C. D. E. * 321. A. B. C. D. E. * 322. A. B. C. D. E. * 323. A. B. C. D. E. * 324. A. B. C. D. E. * 325. A. B. C. D. E. * 326. A. B. C. D. E. * 327. A. B. The enzyme concentration at first and the substrate concentration later on Speed of reaction Both substrate and enzyme concentrations An inhibitor binds to a site other than the active site of the enzyme. Which statement below correlates with this observation? It must be a competitive inhibitor The inhibition must be irreversible It could be irreversible, competitive, noncompetitive or uncompetitive. The data do not relate to the type of inhibition None of above It could be noncompetitive or uncompetitive inhibition Because coenzymes are specific for the chemical groups that they accept and donate, they are referred to as Cofactors Reactive centers Activator ions All of the above Group-transfer reagents An ion commonly found in metalloenzymes and which can undergo reversible oxidation and reduction is Ca++ Mg++ S All of the above Fe++ Coenzymes which must return to their original form after each catalysis are called Prosthetic groups Holoenzymes Metabolite coenzymes Vitamin coenzymes All of the above Acyl-group-transfer reactions often involve which coenzyme? NAD+ Cytochrome c All of the above None of the above Coenzyme A Pyridoxal phosphate is involved in which type of reaction? Oxidation of pyruvate Phosphate-transfer to produce ATP from ADP The regeneration of methionine from homocysteine None of the above Production of new amino acids by transamination The enzymes are inherent all physical and chemical properties of proteins, except: High molecular mass Breaking up to amino acid during a hydrolysis C. D. E. * 328. A. B. C. D. E. * 329. A. B. C. D. E. * 330. A. B. C. D. E. * 331. A. B. C. D. E. * 332. A. B. C. D. E. * 333. A. B. C. D. E. * 334. A. B. C. D. Formation of colloid solutions Antigen properties Stable to influence of high temperatures and salts of heavy metals What component is not included in the structure of holoenzymes? Apoenzyme Coenzyme Cofactor Prostetic group Izoenzyme Which vitamin does not serve as a coenzyme? B1 B2 B5 B12 С An ions of what metal do porphyrine coenzymes contain? Na Zn Mo Mn Fe Which enzymes does not contain a porphyrine coenzymes? Cytochrome b, с Catalase Peroxidase Cytochrome а1, а Phosphatase What level of protein’s structure organization is responsible for formation of active site and its catalytic action? Primary Secondary Quaternary None from following Tertiary Which amino acids residue does not enter in the composition of active site of enzyme? Serine Cystein Histidin Thyrosin Arginine In formation of temporal complex between an enzyme and substrate important role belongs to all below mentioned chemical bonds, except: Disulfide Ion Hydrogen bonds Hydrophobic interactions E. * 335. A. B. C. D. E. * 336. A. B. C. D. E. * 337. A. B. C. D. E. * 338. A. B. C. D. E. * 339. A. B. C. D. E. * 340. A. B. C. D. E. * 341. A. B. C. D. E. * 342. A. B. Peptide How many active centers can have enzymes? 1 3 2 10 Depends on the amount of subunits of enzyme Allosteric centers serve as: The place relation of enzyme with substrate Catalytic area Contact area The area of the spatially united amino acid residues separation The place of the effect on the enzyme different regulators What method is used for separation of izoenzymes? Dialysis Chromatography Centrifugation X-ray analysis Electrophoresis in gel What feature is not common for all izoenzymes? Action on the one substrate Catalysis of identical reactions Finding in different tissues Izoenzymes are specific for most enzymes, that consist of a several subunits Electrophoretic mobility What is not a type of enzymes specificity? Relative Absolute Stereospecificity Both C and D Conformational Enzymes with relative specificity are: Urease Arginase, sucrase Succinate dehydrogenase Alcohol dehydrogenase Lipase, protease Temperature optimum of enzymes - is: Temperature which causes denaturation of enzymes A velosity of reaction at the temperature 48-560С The best conditions for bringing together of enzyme and substrate Temperature at which metabolic processes are inhibited Temperature at which speed of enzymatic reaction is maximal The term ligase refers to a class of enzymes that catalyzes_________. Oxidation reduction reactions Reactions involving the transfer of a functional group from one molecule to another C. D. E. * 343. A. B. C. D. E. * 344. A. B. C. D. E. * 345. A. B. C. D. E. * 346. A. B. C. D. E. * 347. A. B. C. D. E. * 348. A. B. C. D. E. * 349. A. B. Hydrolytic cleavages All of the above Reactions where two molecules are joined together Which cofactor has the following properties: a) forms Schiff base, b) its precursor is absorb dietarily as Vitamin B6, c) is required in a number of reactions in amino acid metabolism. Thiamin pyrophosphate Biotin Lipoamide Nicotinamid Pyridoxal phosphate Mg2+ is used as a(n) by metal activate enzymes that utilize negatively charged substrates like ATP. Metalloenzyme Prosthetic group Co-substrate Ingibitor ion Activator ion The Michaelis constant, Km, is The maximum velocity that any given enzyme reaction can achieve The substrate concentration which gives the best enzyme assay for an enzyme reaction The maximal velocity divided in half All of the above The substrate concentration when the reaction is half the way toward the maximal velocity Which statement is false about regulatory enzymes that are controlled allosterically? They are often larger than other enzymes They have more than one binding site They often catalyze the first step in a reaction pathway They have more than two binding site They are always less active when a modulator is bound to them In a multienzyme complex the process of directly transferring a product of one reaction to the next active site without allowing it to enter the bulk solvent is termed _______. A ping-pong reaction The activity pathway The sequential mode All of the above Metabolite channeling What shape would a graph of reaction velocity versus pH have for an enzyme that uses both a proton donor and a proton acceptor during catalysis (both acid and base catalysis)? Sigmoidal Hyperbolic Exponential Linear Bell-shaped The Fischer's lock and key theory of enzyme specificity view the _______ as the lock and _______ as the key. Substrate; enzyme Enzyme; transition state C. D. E. * 350. A. B. C. D. E. * 351. A. B. C. D. E. * 352. A. B. C. D. E. * 353. A. B. C. D. E. * 354. A. B. C. D. E. * 355. A. B. C. D. E. * 356. A. B. C. D. E. * Transition state; enzyme Substrate; transition state Enzyme; substrate Active holoenzymes are formed from ____________ in the presence of _________ Cofactors; proteins Proteins; cofactors Apoenzymes; proteins Apoenzymes; inactive holoenzymes Apoenzymes; cofactors During electrophoresis of LDH in blood serum was found out predominance of LDH1 and LDH2 content. Pathology of what organ does it testify? Lungs Liver Muscles Spleen Heart What from the below mentioned enzymes is a polyenzyme complex? Transketolase Succinate dehydrogenase Aldolase Glucose-6-phosphatase Pyruvate dehydrogenase Which property is common for enzymes and inorganic catalysts? Specificity Dependence from temperature Dependence from рН High catalytic activity Catalysis only thermodynamically possible reactions Specificity of enzyms is caused by all the following factors, except: Conformational complementary Electrostatic complementary Structure of active site of enzyme Proteins nature Structure of allosteric site An allosteric inhibitor of an enzyme usually Binds to the active site Denatures the enzyme Causes the enzyme to work faster Is a hydrophobic compound Participates in feedback regulation Enzymes: Are composed of polypeptides Can bind prosthetic groups such as metal ions that participate in enzyme reactions Have defined structures Bind their substrates at active sites All statements are true 357. A. B. C. D. E. * 358. A. B. C. D. E. * 359. A. B. C. D. E. * 360. A. B. C. D. E. * 361. A. B. C. D. E. * 362. A. B. C. D. E. * 363. A. B. C. D. E. * 364. A. A reaction is designated as exergonic rather than endergonic when ___________. Activation energy exceeds net energy release Activation energy is necessary No kinetic energy is released It absorbs more energy The potential energy of the products is less than the potential energy of the reactants If the tertiary structure of an enzyme is changed _____. It will be missing one of its polypeptides The helical coil will be stretched out The product of the reaction will be a different molecule Its substrate will bond covalently with the wrong part of the molecule Its substrate may not fit properly in the active site An enzyme is specific. This means It has a certain amino acid sequence It is found only in a certain place It functions only under certain environmental conditions It speeds up a particular chemical reaction It occurs in only one type of cell During allosteric or feed back, inhibition Transcription of mRNA specific for the enzymes involved in the pathway is repressed by the pathway's end product Enzyme concentrations in the cell remain relatively constant All of the above apply to feedback inhibition More than one of the above, but not all, apply to feedback inhibition The pathway's end product represses the activity of the first enzyme in the pathway Covalent modifications that increase the activity of allosterically regulated enzymes do so by ______________. Causing the enzyme to fold into a more active configuration Increasing the amount of total enzyme present A and B only All of the above Adding phosphate groups to essential amino acids in the active site Enzymes that are allosterically regulated ____________________. Are multimeric proteins Do not behave according to the Michaelis-Menton equation All of the above Are monomeric proteins Possess regulatory and catalytic domains By effectors can serve some substances, except: Hormones Mediators of the nervous system Metals Products of enzymatic reactions Vitamins Izoenzymes are differ by some physical and chemical properties, except: Electrophoretic mobility B. C. D. E. * 365. A. B. C. D. E. * 366. A. B. C. D. E. * 367. A. B. C. D. E. * 368. A. B. C. D. E. * 369. A. B. C. D. E. * 370. A. B. C. D. E. * Molecular activity Stability Difference of their primary structure Presence in different tissues Which of the following cofactors is able to bind CO2 and transfer it to an appropriate acceptor molecule? Pyridoxal phosphate Thiamin pyrophophosphate Lipoamide NAD(P)H Biotin The biooxidation of xenobiotics takes place due to microsomal oxidation with enzyme cytochrome P-450. What metal is the obligatory constituent of this enzyme? Zn Na Mg K Fe For diminishing of a patient’s depression used preparation, which inhibits enzyme, catalyzing decomposition of biogenic amines. Name this enzyme: LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) CPK (creatin phosphokinase) ASAT (aspartate amino transferase) ALAT (alanine amino transferase) MAO (mono amino oxidase) Enzymes catalyze transfer of structural fragments from one substrate to other with formation of two products. Name the class of this enzyme. Isomerase Oxidoreductase Ligase Hydrolase Transferase New antibiotics are synthesized with fermentative transformations of natural antibiotics. What from the below named forms of enzymes are widely used in pharmaceutical industry? Inactive enzymes Denaturized enzymes Complex of enzyme with a coenzyme Complex of enzyme with an activator Immobilized enzymes For a diet therapy at indigestion of milk for children used milk with diminished maintenance of lactose by fermentative way. What enzyme is used for this aim? Beta-glycosidase Alpha- glycosidase Alpha-amylase Beta- amylase Beta-galactosidase 371. A. B. C. D. E. * 372. A. B. C. D. E. * 373. A. B. C. D. E. * 374. A. B. C. D. E. * 375. A. B. C. D. E. * 376. A. B. C. D. E. * 377. A. B. During a gastric secretion proteolytic enzymes are secreted as proenzymes. What enzyme is activated by hydrochloric acid: Trypsinogen Amylase Lipase Chymotrypsinogen Pepsinogen The protective function of saliva is predefined a few mechanisms, including presence of enzyme, which has a bactericidal action, causes the lysis of polysaccharide complex of membranes of staphylococcuss, streptococci. Name this enzyme. Beta-glyucuronidase Alfa-amylase Oligo-1,6-glucosidase Collagenase Lysozyme In the human organism single-electron reduction of molecular oxygen superoxide, hydroxyl radicals and hydrogen peroxide, which have high reactional ability. A hydrogen peroxide can be inactivated in an organism by: Ceruloplasmin Glutathione reductase Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase Superoxide dismutase Catalase Name laboratory tests which might be conducted for the patients to prove suspicion about an acute pancreatitis: Total blood test Activity of LDH Activity of AlAT A level of sugar in blood Activity of amylase in urine and blood In blood of patient were found out the increase of LDH 4,5, AlAT, carbamoyl ornithine transferase activity. In which organ is it possible development of pathological process? In a cardiac muscle (the heart attack of myocardium is possible) In skeletal muscles In kidneys In connective tissue In a liver (hepatitis is possible) The list of cofactors which are able to carry electrons and protons in the process of fermentative reactions is below named, except of one cofactor which carries chemical groups only. Choose it: NAD FAD Ubiqinon (coenzyme Q) Hem coenzymes Pyridoxal phosphate According to the international classification there are six classes of enzymes in such order: Oxidoreductases, hydrolyses, ligases, lyases, transferases, isomerases Transferases, hydrolyses, oxidoreductase, isomerases, lyases, ligases C. D. E. * 378. A. B. C. D. E. * 379. A. B. C. D. E. * 380. A. B. C. D. E. * 381. A. B. C. D. E. * 382. A. B. C. D. E. * 383. A. B. C. D. E. * 384. A. B. C. Hydrolyses, oxidoreductase, transferases, lyases, isomerases, ligases Oxidoreductase, transferases, hydrolyses, isomerases, ligases, lyases Oxidoreductase, transferases, hydrolyses, lyases, isomerases, ligases The laboratory test allows to diagnose myocardium infarction. The increase of what enzyme in blood proves it? LDH4,5 Arginase Pyruvate dehydrogenase ALAT AsAT Among the enzymes - antioxidants __________ directly decomposes the toxic hydrogen peroxide: Superoxide dismutase Glutathione peroxidase Glutathione reductase Xantine oxidase Catalase With urine of newborn was done a reaction with FeCI3 and a positive result (dark color) got. What disease is possible? Galactosemia Thyrosinosis Alkaptonuria Aminoaciduria. Phenylketonuria In an organism was found the lack of iron. It causes the decrease of such enzyme activity: Glutathione peroxidase Carbonic anhydrase Carboxy peptidase Ceruloplasmin Catalase The analysis demonstrated a 10 times increase of diastase activity. The danger of autolysis of a patient’s pancreas is caused by an activation of enzyme: Amylase Pepsin Lipase Nuclease Trypsin In an organism was found the lack of copper. It causes the decrease of such enzyme activity: Cytochrome b Glucose oxidase Catalase Glutathione peroxidase Cytochrome oxidase For the treatment of viral infections such enzyme preparation is used: Plasmin Collagenase Lysozyme D. E. * 385. A. B. C. D. E. * 386. A. B. C. D. E. * 387. A. B. C. D. E. * 388. A. B. C. D. E. * 389. A. B. C. D. E. * 390. A. B. C. D. E. * 391. A. B. Hyaluronidase DNA-ase, RNA-ase. A phenylketonuria appears as a result of innate absence of enzyme: Tyrosine oxidase Oxidase of gomogentisic acid Amino oxidase Xanthine oxidase Phenylalanin-4-hydroxylase For dissolving of scars, hematomas and the easier transport of medications in tissues such enzyme is used: Trypsin Ribonuclease Plasmin Pepsin Hyaluronidase Among the below named enzymes a metalloprotein is following: Lactate dehydrogenase Pepsin Phosphatase Amylase Carbonic anhydrase At a blood test was found that activity of catalase is 5 units. It may be a symptom of: Hypoxia Acidosis Starvations Diabetes mellitus Anemia The patient with cyanide poisoning was delivered to clinic. What is immediately used for the improvement of his state? Glucose Ascorbic acid Vitamin B1 Nicotine amide Cytochrome oxidase A laboratory test allows to diagnose an inflammatory process in a liver. The increase of what enzyme in blood will confirm this? LDH 1,2 AsAT Creatin phosphokinase Aldolase Carbamoyl phosphate ornithine transferase In diagnostics of heart attack an important role belongs to the methods of enzymodiagnostic. Determination of what enzyme level in blood in 2-4 hours after acute pain is important for diagnostic? Acetylcholine esterase Lipoprotein lipase C. D. E. * 392. A. B. C. D. E. * 393. A. B. C. D. E. * 394. A. B. C. D. E. * 395. A. B. C. D. E. * 396. A. B. C. D. E. * 397. A. B. C. D. E. * 398. A. B. Alanine amino transferase Aldolase Creatin phosphokinase At hepatitis, heart attacks in blood of patients’ activities of alanine- and aspartate amino transferases are sharply increased. What reasons of activation of these enzymes in blood? An increase of intensity of disintegration of amino acid in tissues Activation of amino acids synthesis in tissues Activation of enzymes by hormones Lack of pyridoxine Damage of cells membranes and appearance of enzymes in blood In saliva there is an enzyme with a strong antibacterial action due to its ability to destroy 1-4 glycoside bonds of proteoglycans of bacterial wall. Choose this enzyme: Amylase Trypsin Phosphatase Ribonuclease Lysozyme (muramidase) A newborn suffers from convulsions. It is discovered that a reason of disease is a defect of pyridine dependent enzyme which forms GABA in a brain. Name this enzyme. Amino transferase Cistathion synthase Kinurinase Ribonuclease Glutamate decarboxylase The inhibitors of proteolytic enzymes were recommended for a patient. For what purpose necessary to apply such preparations: To promote autolysis of pancreas To promote a hepatotoxity To reduce a hepatotoxity All answers are correct To avoid autolysis of pancreas One of major enzymes of saliva, providing death of bacteria is: LDH Phosphatase AsAT AlAT Lysozyme The important enzyme of saliva is alkaline phosphatase. What class of enzymes does it belong to? Transferases Oxidoreductases Ligases Lyases Hydrolases What enzymes catalyses the hydrolysis of triglycerides in the small intestine? Acetyl cholinesterase Phospholipase C. D. E. * 399. A. B. C. D. E. * 400. A. B. C. D. E. * 401. A. B. C. D. E. * 402. A. B. C. D. E. * 403. A. B. C. D. E. * 404. A. B. C. D. E. * 405. A. B. Transacylase Monoglycerol lipase Lipase The defect of what enzyme results in disorders of decomposition of lactose at the inherited disorders of enzymes synthesis in a human organism: Amylase Maltase Sucrase Peptidase Lactase Enzymes of which class are responsible for transfer of structural fragment from one substrate to other with formation of two products? Oxidoreductases Isomerases Ligases Hydrolases Transferases Determination of amylase in blood can be diagnostic criteria for: Nephritis Glossitis Hepatitis Anemia Acute pancreatitis At a heart attack in blood of a patient were found out increase of enzymes activity. Choose these enzymes: Mono amino oxidase Cytochrome oxidase, AlAT Carbonic anhydrase Lactate dehydrogenase Creatin kinase, AsAT and LDH1,2 From the human blood serum were selected five isoenzymes which catalyze the same reaction. Choose this enzyme: Glutathione reductase Ceruloplasmin Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase Superoxide dismutase Lactate dehydrogenase Phenylketonuria of newborn may be diagnosed after a reaction of urine with: CuSO4 NaCl Fe+ Na3PO4 FeCI3 Select the correct class of enzyme for this reaction. L-aspartic acid + alfa-ketoglutarate > oxaloacetic acid + L-Glutamate Oxidoreductase Hydrolase C. D. E. * 406. A. B. C. D. E. * 407. A. B. C. D. E. * 408. A. B. C. D. E. * 409. A. B. C. D. E. * 410. A. B. C. D. E. * 411. A. B. C. D. E. * 412. A. B. C. D. E. * 413. Lyase Ligase Transferase Select the correct class of enzyme for this reaction.Lactate + NAD+ > Pyruvate + NADH + H+ Transferase Hydrolase Lyase Ligase Oxidoreductase Select the correct class of enzyme for this reaction. Sucrose + H2O > Fructose + Glucose Oxidoreductase Transferase Lyase Ligase Hydrolase Select the correct class of enzyme for this reaction. Pyruvate + H+ > Acetaldhyde + Carbon dioxide Oxidoreductase Transferase Hydrolase Ligase Lyase Select the correct class of enzyme for this reaction. Polypeptide + H2O > Amino acids Oxidoreductase Transferase Lyase Ligase Hydrolase An enzyme that catalyzes conversions of L-sugars to D-sugars is called an Lyase Hydrolase Synthetase Synthase Isomerase Oxidases, peroxidases, oxygenases or reductases are all Lyases Synthases Synthetases Hydrolases Oxidoreductases Pyridoxal phosphate is involved in which type of reaction? Oxidation of pyruvate Phosphate-transfer to produce ATP from ADP The regeneration of methionine from homocysteine None of the above Production of new amino acids by transamination The class of enzymes that split peptide bonds or glycosidic bonds with water is A. B. C. D. E. * 414. A. B. C. D. E. * 415. A. B. C. D. E. * 416. A. B. C. D. E. * 417. A. B. C. D. E. * 418. A. B. C. D. E. * 419. A. B. Lyase Transferase Isomerase Oxidoreductase Hydrolase The enzyme that catalyzes the reaction: glucose-6-phosphate + H2O > glucose + phosphate can be assigned to which enzyme class? Oxidoreductases Isomerases Lyases Transferases Hydrolases Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is a multi-enzyme complex that catalyzes a complicated multi-step reaction. The final reaction step is : FADH2 + NAD+ > FAD + NADH + H+ .The final step of this reaction falls into which enzyme class? Transferases Ligases Lyases Isomerases Oxidoreductases What kind of reaction do hydrolases catalyze? These enzymes are involved in electron transfer oxidation/reduction reactions, such as those in photosynthesis and cellular respiration These enzymes are involved in functional groups transfer This group of enzymes catalyses none-hydrolytic cleavage reactions None of the above This group of enzymes catalyses hydrolytic cleavage reactions (such as the formation of glucose from maltose by the action of the enzyme maltase) What reactions would oxidoreductases is involved in? This group of enzymes catalyses hydrolytic cleavage reactions (such as the formation of glucose from maltose by the action of the enzyme maltase) These enzymes are involved in functional groups transfer This group of enzymes catalyses none-hydrolytic cleavage reactions None of the above These enzymes are involved in electron transfer oxidation/reduction reactions, such as those in photosynthesis and cellular respiration An inhibitor binds to a site other than the active site of the enzyme. Which statement below correlates with this observation? It must be a competitive inhibitor The inhibition must be irreversible It could be irreversible, competitive, noncompetitive or uncompetitive. The data do not relate to the type of inhibition None of above It could be noncompetitive or uncompetitive inhibition TPP is a/an _____________ of yeast pyruvate decarboxylase. Cosubstrate Intrinsic factor C. D. E. * 420. A. B. C. D. E. * 421. A. B. C. D. E. * 422. A. B. C. D. E. * 423. A. B. C. D. E. * 424. A. B. C. D. E. * 425. A. B. C. D. E. * 426. A. B. C. D. E. * Metalloenzyme Prosthetic group Coenzyme The enzymes are inherent all physical and chemical properties of proteins, except: High molecular mass Breaking up to amino acid during a hydrolysis Formation of colloid solutions Antigen properties Stable to influence of high temperatures and salts of heavy metals What component is not included in the structure of holoenzymes? Apoenzyme Coenzyme Cofactor Prostetic group Izoenzyme Allosteric centers serve as: The place of enzyme and substrate relation Catalytic area Contact area All of the above The place of different regulator factors influence on the enzyme A competitive inhibitor of an enzyme is usually: A highly reactive compound A metal ion such as Hg2+ or Pb2+ Water insoluble A poison Structurally similar to the substrate An uncompetitive inhibitor of an enzyme catalyzed reaction Decreases Vmax Is without effect at saturating substrate concentration Can actually increase reaction velocity in rare cases The first and second choices are both correct Binds to the Michaelis complex (ES) What is the area of an enzyme called where the chemical reactions occur? The Cytoplasm The Catalyst The Nucleus A substrate The Active Site Catalase is found in all cells and protects them from a dangerous waste chemical by breaking it down into water and oxygen. Choose this waste chemical. Nitrogen Dioxide Lactic Acid Carbon Monoxide Urea Hydrogen Peroxide 427. A. B. C. D. E. * 428. A. B. C. D. E. * 429. A. B. C. D. E. * 430. A. B. C. D. E. * 431. A. B. C. D. E. * 432. A. B. C. D. E. * 433. A. B. C. D. E. * 434. A. B. C. Enzymes fast up the velocity of a biochemical reaction by Increasing activation energy Decreasing kinetic energy Removing the functional group All of the above Decreasing activation energy Zinc is present in which of the following enzymes Cytochrome oxidase Arginase Hexokinase Catalase Alcohol dehydrogenase The coenzyme biotin is involved in the transferring of the following groups Amino group One carbon group Acyl group Amino acid residues CO2 Lactate dehydrogenase is a Coenzyme Zymogen Abzyme Prostetic group Isoenzyme A competitive inhibitor binds to Substrate Allosteric site Enzyme-substrate complex Coenxyme Active site The inactive precursor of an active enzyme is called Ribozyme Isozyme Abzyme Nucleozyme Zymogen The uncompetitive inhibitor binds with Active site Allosteric site Substrate Product of reaction Enzyme substrate complex The inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase by malonate is an example of Non competitive inhibition Uncompetitive inhibition Feedback or end product inhibition D. E. * 435. A. B. C. D. E. * 436. A. B. C. D. E. * 437. A. B. C. D. E. * 438. A. B. C. D. E. * 439. A. B. C. D. E. * 440. A. B. C. D. E. * 441. A. B. None of these Competitive inhibition Isoenzymes are generally separated by Ion exchange chromatography Gel filtration chromatography Paper chromatography Selective adsorption Electrophoresis ?For 18 years old patient with acute toxic hepatitis in the blood serum will be enhanceable level of: Creatin kinase Asidic phosphatase D-amylase Lactate dehydrogenase-1 (LDH1) Alaninaminotransferase For diagnostic of acute inflammatory process in kidneys a specific test was conducted determination of such substance in urine: Content of lactose Activity of creatinkinase Concentrations of creatin Activity of pepsin Activity of alanine amino peptidase For cleaning of festering wound pharmaceutical enzymes preparations are used. What matter is effective for cleaning of festering wound from necrotizing tissues and wounds healing: Washing with glucose oxidase Washing with a hydrogen peroxide Sterile bandages Bandages with NaCl Applications with trypsin For treatment of the patient with acute pancreatitis a doctor prescribed a trasilol. For what purpose this preparation is used? For the improvement of fats digestion For the improvement of proteins digestion For the increase of insulin secretion All above are correct To avoid of autolysis of pancreas A specific test for the diagnostics of inflammatory process in kidneys was conducted. This test is _______ determination in urine: Concentrations of creatin Activity of creatin phosphokinase MB Presence of lactose Activity of pepsin Activity of transamidinase From the human blood serum were selected and discovered properties of five isoenzyme forms of lactate dehydrogenase. What property of isoenzyme does prove that the selected forms are the same enzyme? Some molecular mass Same physical and chemical properties C. D. E. * 442. A. B. C. D. E. * 443. A. B. C. D. E. * 444. A. B. C. D. E. * 445. A. B. C. D. E. * 446. A. B. C. D. E. * 447. A. B. C. D. E. * 448. A. B. C. D. Tissue localisation Same electrophoretic mobility Catalyze the same reaction Teturam which is the inhibitor of aldehyde dehydrogenase used in medical practice for the prophylaxis of alcoholism. An increase in blood of what metabolite causes disgust of an alcohol? Malonic aldehyde Ethanol Propionic aldehyde Methanol Acetaldehyde The functional state of liver, effectiveness of treatment and prognosis of disease development estimated by all the below mentioned biochemical tests of blood and urine, except: AlAT Gamma-glutamintranspeptidase Alkaline phosphatase Contents of albumins and globulins Diastase An amphibolic pathway among the following is HMP shunt Glycolysis Gluconeogenesis A and B Citirc acid cycle Within the matrix of the mitochondrion are: The components of the electron transport chain Glycogen molecules The enzymes of gluconeogenesis The enzymes creatine kinase and carnitine acyl transferase 1 The enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (Krebs’ cycle) The reaction succinyl CoA to succinate requires CDP GDP NADP+ All of the above ADP The carrier of the citric acid cycle is Succinate Fumarate Malate All of the above Oxaloacetate Which of the following metabolite integrates glucose and fatty acid metabolism? Pyruvate Citrate Lactate None of the above E. * 449. A. B. C. D. E. * 450. A. B. C. D. E. * 451. A. B. C. D. E. * 452. A. B. C. D. E. * 453. A. B. C. D. E. * 454. A. B. C. D. E. * 455. A. B. C. D. E. * 456. A. B. Acetyl CoA An aneplerotic reaction which sustains the availability of oxaloacetate is the carboxylation of Glutamate Citrate Succinate All of the above Pyruvate Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate requires NADP+ Cytochromes Pyridoxal phosphate All of the above HSCoA Tricarboxylic acid cycle to be continuous requires the regeneration of Pyruvic acid Alfa-oxoglutaric acid Malonic acid Fatty acids Oxaloacetic acid Dehydrogenation of succinic acid to fumaric acid requires the following hydrogen carrier: NAD+ NADP+ Glutathione HSCoA Flavoprotein The number of molecules of ATP produced by the total oxidation of acetyl CoA in TCA cycle is 6 8 18 15 12 Substrate level phosphorylation in TCA cycle is in step: Isocitrate dehydrogenase Malate dehydrogenase Aconitase None of these Succinate thiokinase Before pyruvic acid enters the TCA cycle it must be converted to Lactate Alfa-ketoglutarate Citrate Malate Acetyl CoA The number of ATP produced in the succinate dehydrogenase step is 1 3 C. D. E. * 457. A. B. C. D. E. * 458. A. B. C. D. E. * 459. A. B. C. D. E. * 460. A. B. C. D. E. * 461. A. B. C. D. E. * 462. A. B. C. D. E. * 463. A. B. C. D. E. * 4 5 2 ?Which of the following statements regarding TCA cycle is true? It is an anaerobic process It occurs in cytosol It contains no intermediates for Gluconeogenesis A and B It is amphibolic in nature An allosteric enzyme responsible for controlling the rate of T.C.A cycle is Malate dehydrogenase Fumarase Aconitase All of the above Isocitrate dehydrogenase The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and CO2 Is reversible Depends on the coenzyme biotin Occurs in the cytosol All of the above Involves the participation of lipoic acid The second stage of aerobic oxidation of glucose in a cell is oxidative decarboxilation of pyruvate. Name the main product of this proces. Succinate Pyruvate Citrate Oxaloacetate Acetyl CoA The TCA cycle: Is found in the cytosol Is also called the Cori cycle Consumes most of the CO2 produced by ribosomes Produces most of the water made in humans Is controlled by the ADP/ATP ratio, and the NADH concentration Where in a cell the tricarboxylic acid cycle takes place? In cytoplasm In nucleus In ribosomes All of these Within the inner compartment of the mitochondrion How many molecules of ATP are formed during the full oxidation of 1 molecule of acetyl CoA? 24 36 38 15 12 464. A. B. C. D. E. * 465. A. B. C. D. E. * 466. A. B. C. D. E. * 467. A. B. C. D. E. * 468. A. B. C. D. E. * 469. A. B. C. D. E. * 470. A. B. C. D. E. * 471. A. B. There are such three enzymes in pyruvate dehydrogenase complex: Pyruvate carboxylase, lactate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, acetyltransferase, aconitase NАDН2- dehydrogenase Succinate dehydrogenase, aldehyde dehydrogenase Pyruvate dehydrogenase, dihydrolipoyl acetyl transferase, dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase There are 4 main functions of Krebs cycle, except: Oxidation of acetic acid into СО2 і Н2О Donator of hydrogen atoms for respiratory chain Formation of ATP Supplying substrates for heme synthesis Oxidation of lactate into pyruvate Name the common product of the second stage of catabolism of carbonhydrates, lipids and amino acids. Pyruvate Citric acid Acyl-CoA ATP Acetyl-CoA Central intermediate product of metabolism is: Succinyl-CoA Oxaloacetate Pyruvate Citrate Acetyl-CoA For one turn of Krebs cycle forms ATP (molecules): 38 ATP 12 ATP 15 ATP 15 ATP 1 ATP Allosteric effector of enzymes of Krebs cycle which stimulate their oxidation is: Succinate NADH2 ATP FADH2 NAD+ Substrates of the respiratory chain are all, except one: Isocitrate Malate Succinate Alfa-кеtoglutarate Oxaloacetate Cofactors of dehydrogenases are all, except one: NAD+ NADP+ C. D. E. * 472. A. B. C. D. E. * 473. A. B. C. D. E. * 474. A. B. C. D. E. * 475. A. B. C. D. E. * 476. A. B. C. D. E. * 477. A. B. C. D. E. * 478. A. B. C. FMN FAD c-AMP Aerobic oxidation of pyruvate to CO2 and H2O results in formation of molecules ATP: 38 ATP 12 ATP 3 ATP 2 ATP 15 ATP The temperature of human body supported due to all of processes, except one: Catabolism of proteinsns, lipids, carbohydrates (specific stage) Glycolysis Catabolism (general stage) TCA and oxidative phosphorylation Gluconeogenesis Substrates of the respiratory chain are all the below mentioned, except one: Isocitrate Malate C-кеtoglutarate Succinate Lactate Pyruvate can be form from all substrates, except one: Lactate Glycerol Glucose Glycogen Fatty acids The tricarboxilic acids cycle begins with the reaction of such substrates: Pyruvate and acetyl CoA Citric acid and acetyl CoA Succinate and isocitrate Isocitrate and oxaloacetate Oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA Among the many molecules of high-energy phosphate compounds formed as a result of the functioning of the citric acid cycle, one molecule is synthesized at the substrate level. In which of the following reactions does this occur? Citrate >alfa-ketoglutarate Succinate >fumarate Fumarate >malate Malate >oxaloacetate Alfa-ketoglutarate>succinate Reduction of which of the following substrate leads to a reduction of NAD+ in a reaction of the citric acid cycle? Succinyl CoA Fumarate Oxaloacetate D. E. * 479. A. B. C. D. E. * 480. A. B. C. D. E. * 481. A. B. C. D. E. * 482. A. B. C. D. E. * 483. A. B. C. D. E. * 484. A. B. C. D. E. * 485. A. B. C. D. E. * 486. Citrate Malate The activity of pyruvate carboxylase is dependent upon the positive allosteric effector Succinate AMP Isocitrate Citrate Acetyl CoA Metabolism is defined as: A sequence of reactions that has a specific purpose Degradation of macromolecules molecules to create smaller molecules and energy Synthesis of the molecules for cell maintenance, growth and reproduction None of the above The entire network of chemical reactions carried out by living cells Product of a pathway controls the rate of its own synthesis by inhibiting an early step. Such way of enzyme regulation is called: Feed-forward activation Autoregulation None of the above Feedback activation Feedback inhibition The function of protein kinase is: Synthesis of ATP from two ADP molecules Catalysis of the oxidation-reduction reactions Dephosphorylation of proteins (enzymes) None of the above Phosphorylation of proteins (enzymes) Catabolism is characterized by ________ of three major routs toward a final common pathway. Divergence Splitting None of the above All of the above Convergence Anabolic reactions with the formation of new bonds and utilization of ATP energy are catalyzed by: Oxidoreductases Hydrolases Isomerases Transferase Ligases A reaction can occur spontaneously only if G, the change in free energy of products and reactants, is: Positive 0 All reactions can occur spontaneously All of the above Negative ATP is an energy-rich molecule because: A. B. C. D. E. * 487. A. B. C. D. E. * 488. A. B. C. D. E. * 489. A. B. C. D. E. * 490. A. B. C. D. E. * 491. A. B. C. D. E. * 492. A. B. C. D. E. * 493. A. B. It contains adenine It contains monosaccharide ribose that can be oxidized with energy formation It forms complex with Mg2+ or Mn2+ All of the above Its triphosphate unit contains two phosphoanhydride bonds How many molecules of NADH is formed during the conversion of ONE molecule of pyruvate to acetyl CoA? 2 3 NADH2 is not formed, 1 molecule of NADPH is produced 4 1 All enzymes and coenzymes of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex are located in: Cytoplasm Lysosomes Partially in cytoplasm, partially in mitochondrial matrix All of the above Matrix of mitochondria The citric acid cycle is the __. The anabolic pathway in which macromolecules are synthesized from monomers The biochemical pathway in which glucose is oxidized to acetyl CoA The biochemical pathway in which glucose is synthesized from noncarbohydrate components Final common pathway for the catabolism of carbohydrates Final common pathway for the catabolism of fuel molecules — carbohydrates, fatty acids and amino acids Which statement is not true about catabolic pathways? They have a net release of energy They liberate smaller molecules from larger ones They include the citric acid cycle None of the above They have a net consumption of ATP Which is not a component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex? Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase Pyruvate dehydrogenase Dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase Both A and D Isocitrate dehydrogenase Which cofactor is not used by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex? Lipoamide Thiamine pyrophosphate FAD HS-CoA QH2 Which enzyme does not catalyze a reaction that releases carbon dioxide? Alfa-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex Pyruvate dehydrogenase C. D. E. * 494. A. B. C. D. E. * 495. A. B. C. D. E. * 496. A. B. C. D. E. * 497. A. B. C. D. E. * 498. A. B. C. D. E. * 499. A. B. C. D. E. * 500. A. B. C. D. E. * Isocitrate dehydrogenases Both A and D Malate dehydrogenase Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of citrate to isocitrate? Aldolase Citrate synthase Citrate isomerase Epimerase Aconitase The citric acid cycle oxidizes pyruvate and some of the pathway intermediates are starting materials for many biosynthetic pathways. This means the citric acid cycle is a/an _______. Amplifying pathway Strictly catabolic pathway Anaerobic pathway Both A and D Amphibolic pathway In eukaryotes the enzymes of the citric acid cycle are found in the _________. Cytosol Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Both A and B Mitochondria Which is not a component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex? Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase Pyruvate dehydrogenase Dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase All of the above Alfa ketoglutarate dehydrogenase Which enzyme is the same in both pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and alfa-ketoglutarate complex? Aconitase Pyruvate decarboxylase The two complexes have no components that are similar Both A and B Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase Which is not a component of the alfa- ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex? Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase Alfa ketoglutarate dehydrogenase Dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase All of the above Pyruvate dehydrogenase Which enzyme does not catalyze a reaction that releases carbon dioxide? Alfa-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex Pyruvate dehydrogenase Isocitrate dehydrogenases All of these Malate dehydrogenase 501. A. B. C. D. E. * 502. A. B. C. D. E. * 503. A. B. C. D. E. * 504. A. B. C. D. E. * 505. A. B. C. D. E. * 506. A. B. C. D. E. * 507. A. B. C. D. E. * 508. A. NAD and NADP dependent dehydrogenases catalyze substrates by transferring ____ to C-4 of NAD+ and NADP+. An electron Two electrons An electron and a proton Two electrons and two protons Two electrons and a proton The enzyme pyruvate translocase is located ______________. In the cytosol In the mitochondrial matrix In the endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus In the inner mitochondrial membrane Pyruvate translocase is a/an _________________ protein that transports ____________. Antiport; pyruvate and H+ in opposite directions Uniport; only pyruvate Antiport; pyruvate and CO2 in opposite directions Symport; pyruvate and CO2 in the same direction Symport; pyruvate and H+ in the same direction Which cofactor is not used by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex? Lipoamide Thiamine pyrophosphate FAD NAD PLP Which step in the citric acid cycle is a rearrangement reaction? Succinyl CoA to succinate Fumarate to L-malate Glucose 1,6-bisphosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate None of the above Citrate to isocitrate Which is not produced by the citric acid cycle? NADH CO2 FADH2 All of the above FMN After passing through the citric acid cycle, one mole of pyruvate will result in the formation of ______ moles of carbon dioxide and _________ mole(s) of ATP (or GTP). 2; 2 2; 1 3; 2 1; 3 3; 1 The step at which acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle is classified as a ___________ reaction. Substrate-level phosphorylation B. C. D. E. * 509. A. B. C. D. E. * 510. A. B. C. D. E. * 511. A. B. C. D. E. * 512. A. B. C. D. E. * 513. A. B. C. D. E. * 514. A. B. C. D. E. * 515. A. B. C. Decarboxylation Dehydrogenation Oxidative phosphorylation Condensation The step at which ATP releases in the citric acid cycle is classified as a ___________ reaction. Condensation Decarboxylation Dehydrogenation Oxidative phosphorylation Substrate-level phosphorylation The step at which CO2 releases in the citric acid cycle is classified as a ___________ reaction. Condensation Substrate-level phosphorylation Dehydrogenation Oxidative phosphorylation Decarboxylation Which enzyme catalyzes the citrate synthesis? Aldolase Citrate isomerase Aconitase Citrate dehydrogenase Citrate synthase Which 5-carbon intermediate of the citric acid cycle is converted to a 4-carbon molecule with the release of carbon dioxide? Fumarate Succinate Isocitrate Citrate Alfa-ketoglutarate Which enzyme catalyzes a metabolically irreversible reaction? Aconitase Fumarase Malate dehydrogenase All of the above Isocitrate dehydrogenase The succinate dehydrogenase catalyzes The formation of a single hydrogen bond in the oxidation of succinate to fumarate Both a and b The formation of a macroergic bond None of the above The formation of a double bond in the oxidation of succinate to fumarate Please match the following reaction Isocitrate dehydrogenase to its respective energy yielding products shown in answers A through E. QH2 GTP or ATP ADP D. E. * 516. A. B. C. D. E. * 517. A. B. C. D. E. * 518. A. B. C. D. E. * 519. A. B. C. D. E. * 520. A. B. C. D. E. * 521. A. B. C. D. E. * 522. A. B. C. D. NAD NADH Please match the following reaction alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenases complex to its respective energy yielding products shown in answers A through E. QH2 GTP or ATP ADP NAD NADH Please match the following reaction. Malate dehydrogenase to its respective energy yielding products shown in answers A through E. QH2 GTP or ATP ADP NAD NADH Please match the following reaction. Succinyl CoA synthetase to its respective energy yielding products shown in answers A through E. NADH QH2 ADP NAD GTP or ATP Allosteric effector of enzymes of Krebs cycle which stimulate their oxidation is: Succinate NADH2 ATP FADH2 NAD+ Acetyl CoA _________ pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and NADH __________ it. Activates; activates Activates; inhibits Inhibits; activates Nome of the above Inhibits; inhibits The initial step of the citric acid cycle is Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA Conversion of citrate to isocitrate Formation of alfa-ketoglutarate catalysed by isocitrate dehydrogenase Both A and B Condensation of acetyl-CoA with oxaloacetate The substance which may be considered to play a catalytic role in citric acid cycle is Isocitrate Malate Fumarate Succinyl CoA E. * 523. A. B. C. D. E. * 524. A. B. C. D. E. * 525. A. B. C. D. E. * 526. A. B. C. D. E. * 527. A. B. C. D. E. * 528. A. B. C. D. E. * 529. A. B. C. D. Oxaloacetate The reaction catalysed by alfa-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase in the citric acid cycle requires NADP ADP ATP PLP NAD If all the enzymes, intermediates and cofactors of the citric acid cycle as well as an excess of the starting substrate acetyl-CoA are present and functional in an organelle free solution at the appropriate pH, which of the following factors of the citric acid cycle would prove to be rate limiting? Molecular oxygen Half life of enzyme Turnover of intermediates All of theese Reduction of cofactors In TCA cycle, oxalosuccinate is converted to alfa-ketoglutarate by the enzyme: Fumarase Aconitase Succinase Alfa -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase Isocitrate dehydrogenase The enzyme alfa -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase in the citric acid cycle requires Folate Pyridoxine Inositol NADP Lipoate The example of generation of a high energy phosphate at the substrate level in the citric acid cycle is the reaction: Isocitrate >alfa-ketoglutarate Succinate > fumarate Malate >oxaloacetate Both A and D Succinyl CoA > Succinate Fluoroacetate inhibits the reaction of citric acid cycle: Isocitrate >alfa-ketoglutarate Fumarate >Malate Succinate >fumarate All of these Citrate >cis-aconitate Formation of succinyl-CoA from alfa-ketoglutarate is inhibited by Fluoride Fluoroacetate Iodoacetate All of these E. * 530. A. B. C. D. E. * 531. A. B. C. D. E. * 532. A. B. C. D. E. * 533. A. B. C. D. E. * 534. A. B. C. D. E. * 535. A. B. C. D. E. * 536. A. B. C. D. E. * 537. A. B. Arsenite The reaction of Kreb’s cycle which does not require cofactor of vitamin B group is Alfa-ketoglutarate > succinate Malate > oxaloacetate Succinate> fumarate Both A and D Citrate > isocitrate The coenzyme not involved in the formation of acetyl-CoA from pyruvate is TPP NAD FAD Both A and D Biotin In citric acid cycle, NAD is reduced in One reactions Two reactions Four reactions Five reactions Three reactions Among citric acid cycle enzymes, a flavoprotein is Malate Fumarase Isocitrate dehydrogenase All of these Succinate dehydrogenase In citric acid cycle, GDP is phosphorylated by Succinate dehydrogenase Aconitase Fumarse Alfa-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase Succinate thiokinase Malonate is an inhibitor of Malate dehydrogenase Alfa-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase Isocitrate dehydrogenase Both C and D Succinate dehydrogenase Isocitrate dehydrogenase is allosterically inhibited by Oxalosuccinate Alfa-ketoglutarate NADH Both B and C ATP All of the following are allosteric enzymes except Citrate synthetase Alfa-ketoglutarate dehdrogenase C. D. E. * 538. A. B. C. D. E. * 539. A. B. C. D. E. * 540. A. B. C. D. E. * 541. A. B. C. D. E. * 542. A. B. C. D. E. * 543. A. B. C. D. E. * 544. A. B. C. D. E. * 545. Succinate dehydrogenase Both B and C Succinate thiokinase All of the following are intermediates of citric acid cycle except Oxalosuccinate Oxaloacetate Fumarate Alfa-Ketoglutarate Pyruvate Pyruvate dehydrogenase is a/an Isomerase Lyase Ligase Transferase Oxido reductase Isocitrate dehydrogenase can use __________ as a cofactor. NAD+ only NADP+ only FMN and FAD TPP only NAD+ or NADP+ Pyruvate dehydrogenase contains all except NAD FAD CoA Lipoic acid Biotin All of the following compounds are intermediates of TCA cycle except Malate Oxaloacetate Fumarate Alfa-ketoglutarate Pyruvate Isocitrate dehydrogenases is Anaerobic dehydrogenase Hydroperoxidase Oxygenase Ligase Aerobic dehydrogenase An amphibolic pathway among the following is HMP shunt Glycolysis Gluconeogenesis All of these Citirc acid cycle Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning catabolic pathways? A. B. C. D. E. * 546. A. B. C. D. E. * 547. A. B. C. D. E. * 548. A. B. C. D. E. * 549. A. B. C. D. E. * 550. A. B. C. D. E. * 551. A. B. C. D. E. * 552. A. B. C. D. They build up complex molecules such as protein from simpler compounds They combine molecules into more complex and energy-rich molecules They are spontaneous and do not need enzyme catalysis They involve endergonic reactions that break complex molecules into simpler ones They are usually coupled with anabolic pathways to which they supply energy in the form of ATP The reaction succinyl CoA to succinate requires CDP GDP NADP+ TPP ADP Which of the below-mentioned diseases can be diagnosed by the method of sugary loading? Ishemia Hepatitis Titania Anemia Diabetes mellitus Glucocorticoids increase the level of glucose in the blood by activation of: Glycogenolysis Gluconeogenesis Ketogenesis Glycolysis Glycogenogenesis How many grams of glucose is it necessary for a patient to perform a method of sugary loading 100 g 20 g 50 g 1 mg per 1 kg of body weight 1 g per 1 kg of body weight Which of the below-mentioned processes is the main source of NADPH2 in an organism? Gluconeogenesis Glycolysis Glycogenolysis Glycogenogenesis Pentose-phosphate cycle Value of kidney threshold for glucose: 5-7 mmol/l 10-15 mmol/l 2-3 mmol/l 15-20 mmol/l 8-10 mmol/l Which method of glucose measurement in urine is widely used? Gess Tromer Feling Selivanov E. * 553. A. B. C. D. E. * 554. A. B. C. D. E. * 555. A. B. C. D. E. * 556. A. B. C. D. E. * 557. A. B. C. D. E. * 558. A. B. C. D. E. * 559. A. B. C. D. E. * 560. A. Altgausen Deficit of which enzyme causes the I type glycogenosis? Hexokinase Aldolase Glycogen synthetase Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase Glucose-6-phosphatase The breakdown of glycogen to free glucose occurs In the muscles by phosphorolysis In the liver by hydrolysis In the muscles by hydrolysis The first two choices are both correct In the liver by phosphorolysis The all enzymes of gluconeogensis are found in the cytosol, except for Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, which is in the mitochondria Glucose-6-phosphatase, which is in the mitrochondria Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, which is in the glycogen granule Pyruvate carboxylase, which is in the glycogen granule Pyruvate carboxlyase, which is in the mitrochondria What enzyme of carbohydrate metabolism listed below is inactivated by (de)phosphorylation in liver in response to insulin signaling? Glycogen synthase Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) Phosphofructokinase-2 (PFK-2) Pyruvate kinase Glycogen phosphorylase As a result of anaerobic respiration in humans, glucose is converted to Lactic acid Citric acid Acetyl CoA Vitamin C Pyruvic acid Glycolysis is inhibited by high concentrations of Glucose FADH2 ADP All of above ATP The process in which glucose is converted to a storage form Requires vitamin A Results in beta oxidation Occurs in the liver only Is very energy consuming Is called glycogenolysis Each of the following lines is the name of a disaccharide except Galactose B. C. D. E. * 561. A. B. C. D. E. * 562. A. B. C. D. E. * 563. A. B. C. D. E. * 564. A. B. C. D. E. * 565. A. B. C. D. E. * 566. A. B. C. D. E. * 567. A. B. Ribose Glucose Fructose Maltose All of the following enzymes involved in the flow of carbon from glucose to lactate (glycolysis) are also involved in the reversal of this flow (gluconeogenesis) except: 3-phosphoglycerate kinase Aldolase Enolase Phosphoglucoisomerase Phosphofructokinase-1 The metabolic function of the pentose phosphate pathway is: Act as a source of ADP biosynthesis Participate in oxidation-reduction reactions during the formation of H2O Provide intermediates for the citric acid cycle Synthesize phosphorus pentoxide Generate NADPH and pentoses for the biosynthesis of fatty acids and nucleic acids Glucose not part of a diet may be provided by degradation of Starch Dextrin A and b A, b and c Stored glycogen In a eukaryotic cell, the enzymes of glycolysis are located in the: Plasma membrane Inner mitochondrial membrane Mitochondrial matrix Intermembrane space Cytosol Which of the following steps from glycolysis is performed by a different enzyme in gluconeogenesis? Isomerase Glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase Enolase Aldolase Phosphofructokinase (PFK) Glycolysis in the erythrocytes produces pyruvate that is further metabolized to: O2 Ethanol Glucose Hemoglobin Lactate Which of the following is a cofactor in the reaction catalyzed by glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase? ATP Cu2+ C. D. E. * 568. A. B. C. D. E. * 569. A. B. C. D. E. * 570. A. B. C. D. E. * 571. A. B. C. D. E. * 572. A. B. C. D. E. * 573. A. B. C. D. E. * 574. A. B. C. D. E. * 575. Heme NADP+ NAD+ Glycogen is converted to monosaccharide units by: Glucokinase Glucose-6-phosphatase Glycogen synthase Glycogenase Glycogen phosphorylase How many substrate level phosphorylation reactions are in glycolysis? 1 3 4 0 2 ADP and AMP ___________________ gluconeogenesis. Stimulate Do not effect ADP stimulates and AMP inhibits ADP inhibits and AMP stimulates Inhibit Which of the following is not a precursor for gluconeogenesis? Alanine Glycerol Oxaloacetate Only B and C Acetate Glycogen synthesis in vertebrates requires _____________ to activate glucose 1-phosphate. ATP ADP UDP All of the above UTP In addition to control of activity by phosphorylation, phosphorylase kinase is activated by Calmodulin cAMP Inhibitor-1 Na+ Ca++ The conversion of noncarbohydrate molecules into glucose, is an example of Glycogenolysis Glycogenesis Glycolysis Krebs cycle Gluconeogenesis A lack of blood glucose would have the greatest effects on A. B. C. D. E. * 576. A. B. C. D. E. * 577. A. B. C. D. E. * 578. A. B. C. D. E. * 579. A. B. C. D. E. * 580. A. B. C. D. E. * 581. A. B. C. D. E. * 582. The heart The liver Skeletal muscles Cardiac muscle The brain In glycolysis, how is ATP formed? Through deamination Through oxidative phosphorylation Through transfer of electrons Through chemiosmosis Through substrate level phosphorylation According to the classic glucose-fatty acid cycle, which two metabolites are predicted to increase in skeletal muscle when fat becomes the major substrate oxidized? ADP, AMP Pyruvate dehydrogenase, phosphofructokinase Glycogen, triglyceride All of the above Acetyl CoA, citrate The organ most responsible for extracting and converting lactic acid to pyruvic acid, and which ultimately reforms and releases free glucose via the Cori cycle into the bloodstream, is a Brain Cardiac muscle Skeletal muscle Heart Liver The conversion of glycogen to glucose-6-phosphate is a Glycolysis Gluconeogenesis Glycogenesis A and C Glycogenolysis The enzyme found only in the liver that removes phosphate groups and can, thus, release free glucose for distribution around the body by the blood is Glycogen synthetase Glycogen phosphorylase Glucose isomerase B and c only Glucose-6-phosphatase Glucose can be produced by gluconeogenesis by all the sources below except: Glycerol Amino acids Lactate Pyruvate Fatty acids Nervous tissue depends upon glucose for its primary source of energy. However, these molecules can be used as an alternative source of energy by nervous tissue: A. B. C. D. E. * 583. A. B. C. D. E. * 584. A. B. C. D. E. * 585. A. B. C. D. E. * 586. A. B. C. D. E. * 587. A. B. C. D. E. * 588. A. B. C. D. E. * Steroids Fatty acids Amino acids All of the above Ketones Phosphofructokinase, the major flux-controlling enzyme of glycolysis is allosterically inhibited by ___ and activated by ___. AMP Pi ADP AMP Сitrate ATP ATP PEP ATP ADP The anaerobic conversion of 1 mol of glucose to 2 mol of lactate by fermentation is accompanied by a net gain of: 1 mol of ATP 1 mol of NADH 2 mol of NADH None of the above 2 mol of ATP During strenuous exercise, the NADH formed in the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction in skeletal muscle must be reoxidized to NAD+ if glycolysis is to continue. The most important reaction involved in the reoxidation of NADH is: Dihydroxyacetone phosphate > glycerol 3-phosphate Glucose 6-phosphate > fructose 6-phosphate Isocitrate > alfa-ketoglutarate Oxaloacetate > malate Pyruvate > lactate The conversion of 1 mol of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to 2 mol of pyruvate by the glycolytic pathway results in a net formation of: 1 mol of NAD+ and 2 mol of ATP 1 mol of NADH and 1 mol of ATP 2 mol of NAD+ and 4 mol of ATP 2 mol of NADH and 2 mol of ATP 2 mol of NADH and 4 mol of ATP Which of the following statements is not true concerning glycolysis in anaerobic muscle? Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase is one of the enzymes of the pathway It results in net synthesis of ATP It results in synthesis of NADH Its rate is slowed by a high ATP/ADP ratio It is an endergonic process Galactosemia is a genetic error of metabolism associated with: Deficiency of galactokinase Deficiency of UDP-glucose Excessive ingestion of galactose Inability to digest lactose Deficiency of UDP-glucose: galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase 589. A. B. C. D. E. * 590. A. B. C. D. E. * 591. A. B. C. D. E. * 592. A. B. C. D. E. * 593. A. B. C. D. E. * 594. A. B. C. D. E. * 595. A. B. C. D. E. * 596. A. In the alcoholic fermentation of glucose by yeast, thiamine pyrophosphate is a coenzyme required by: Aldolase Hexokinase Lactate dehydrogenase Transaldolase Pyruvate decarboxylase Which of the following compounds cannot serve as the starting material for the synthesis of glucose via gluconeogenesis? Glycerol Lactate Oxaloacetate Pyruvate Acetate In humans, gluconeogenesis: Helps to reduce blood glucose after a carbohydrate-rich meal Is activated by the hormone insulin Is essential in the conversion of fatty acids to glucose Requires the enzyme hexokinase Can result in the conversion of protein into blood glucose Which of the following substrates cannot contribute to net gluconeogenesis in mammalian liver? Alanine Glutamate Pyruvate Alfa-ketoglutarate Palmitate Which of the following statements about the pentose phosphate pathway is correct? It generates 36 mol of ATP per mole of glucose consumed It generates 6 moles of CO2 for each mole of glucose consumed It is a reductive pathway; it consumes NADH It is present in plants, but not in animals It provides precursors for the synthesis of nucleotides The main function of the pentose phosphate pathway is to: Give the cell an alternative pathway should glycolysis fail Provide a mechanism for the utilization of the carbon skeletons of excess amino acids Supply energy Supply NADH Supply pentoses and NADPH Concerning some general principles of glucose metabolism: Gluconeogenesis is the formation of glucose from glycogen Glycogenesis is stimulated when cellular ATP reserves are low Glucose may be synthesized from fatty acids Glucose may be synthesized from vitamins Gluconeogenesis is stimulated when plasma glucose is low Which of the following is a cofactor in the reaction catalyzed by the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosophate dehydrogenase? NADP B. C. D. E. * 597. A. B. C. D. E. * 598. A. B. C. D. E. * 599. A. B. C. D. E. * 600. A. B. C. D. E. * 601. A. B. C. D. E. * 602. A. B. C. D. E. * 603. A. ATP Heme Cu++ NAD Which of the following promotes glucose and amino acid uptake by muscle? Adrenaline Glucagon Cortisol Glycogen Insulin For oxaloacetate to be used as a precursor in gluconeogenesis, it must first be transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane in the form of: Oxaloacetate Aspartate Citrate Both A and C are correct Malate The initiation of glycogen synthesis (is the very first glucose residue added ) occurs by transfer of glucose from UDP-glucose to the: 2-position of fructose Non-reducing end of maltose Serine-OH group of glycogen synthase Tyrosine-OH group of glycogenin 4-position of free glucose The process of polysaccharides digestion in the gastrointestinal tract is catalyzed by: Sucrase Lactase Maltase None of the above Alfa-amylase Glycolysis is defined as: Aerobic process in which glucose is transformed to CO2 and H2O Anaerobic process in which glucose is transformed to pyruvate Anaerobic process in which glucose is converted to pentoses and NADPH is produced Aerobic process in which glucose is converted to glycogen Anaerobic process in which glucose is transformed to lactate The possible metabolic pathways for pyruvate in anaerobic conditions are: Conversion to lactate or acetyl CoA Conversion to ethanol or acetyl CoA Conversion to lactate or ethanol or acetyl CoA All of the above Conversion to lactate or ethanol Vomiting, diarrhea after consuming milk, enlargement of the liver, jaundice, cirrhosis, cataracts, retardation of the mental development, elevated blood-galactose level, absence of the galactose 1-phosphate uridyl transferase in red blood cells are the symptoms of: Lactose intolerance B. C. D. E. * 604. A. B. C. D. E. * 605. A. B. C. D. E. * 606. A. B. C. D. E. * 607. A. B. C. D. E. * 608. A. B. C. D. E. * 609. A. B. C. D. E. * 610. A. B. C. D. E. * Hypolactasia All of the above Diabetes mellitus Galactosemia The main precursors for the glucose synthesis in gluconeogenesis are: Lactate, pyruvate, glycerol and cholesterol Lactate, pyruvate, glycerol and glycogen Cholesterol, fatty acids, glycerol and amino acids The accelerating of glycolysis Lactate, pyruvate, glycerol and amino acids The enzyme which the key regulatory step in glycogen biosynthesis is Glycogenin Branching enzyme Phosphoglucomutase UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase Glycogen synthase Which is not a function of the main products of the pentose phosphate pathway? To maintain the reduced form of iron in hemoglobin To provide reducing power for the synthesis of fatty acids To serve as precursors in the biosynthesis of RNA and DNA Produce pentoses To raise the concentration of cAMP Gluconeogenesis is The result of alfa-amylase activity The formation of glycogen The formation of starches The formation of glucose from other carbohydrates The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrates In the Cori cycle, gluconeogenesis occurs in _____ and glycolysis in ______. Liver; liver Muscle; muscle Muscle; liver Heart; brain Liver; muscle The pentose phosphate pathway has two primary products. They are _________. ATP and NADPH Oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA Sorbitol and fructose None of the above Ribose-5-phosphate and NADPH The main hormones that regulate the synthesis and decomposition of glycogen are: Insulin, glucocorticoids, thyroxin Glucagon, glucocorticoids, vasopressin Glucocorticoids, glucagon, epinephrine All of the above Insulin, glucagon, epinephrine 611. A. B. C. D. E. * 612. A. B. C. D. E. * 613. A. B. C. D. E. * 614. A. B. C. D. E. * 615. A. B. C. D. E. * 616. A. B. C. D. E. * 617. A. B. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency is the __________ which is characterized by _______ Genetically determined disease; the absence of receptors to LDL on cells and prominent atherosclerosis Diet-induced disease; the deficit of thiamin in the organism and neurological and cardiac symptoms Disease induced by environmental factors; the high level of oxidized glutathione in the red blood cell and increased resistance of erythrocytes to hemolysis None of the above Genetically determined disease; the low level of reduced glutathione in erythrocytes and increased susceptibility of erythrocytes to hemolysis More ATP is formed from glucose in glycogen than from free glucose, even free glucose released from glycogen because Limit dextrin contains additional molecules The debranching enzyme releases free glucose The glucose bypasses glycolysis All of the above The glucose is already phosphorylated after glycogen phosphorylase action Glucose 1-phosphate formed by glycogenolysis is converted to glucose 6- phosphate by phosphoglucomutase because Glucose 6-phosphate is more stable Glucose 6-phosphate is converted to free glucose Glucose 6-phosphate can be transported to the liver All of the above Glucose 6-phosphate is an intermediate in several pathways, including glycolysis The sequence of glucose oxidation to lactate in peripheral tissues, delivery of lactate to the liver, formation of glucose from lactate in the liver, and delivery of glucose back to peripheral tissues is known as the ______. Glyoxylate cycle Kreb's cycle Gluconeogenesis cycle Glycogenolysis Cori cycle During fasting, what role does gluconeogenesis play? Aids in the release of glucose from stored glycogen in the liver Produces products that slow the oxidation of pyruvate Helps transport glucose across the blood-brain barrier to maintain brain glucose levels None of the above Uses protein (amino acids) to restore blood glucose levels What is a cause of cataracts in the eye lens of individuals with diabetes? Precipitation of glucose not oxidized by glycolysis in the lens The absence of membrane transport proteins for pyruvate in the lens cells Lack of regulation of gluconeogenesis in the lens and the accumulation of fructose Lack of regulation of gluconeogenesis in the lens and the accumulation of maltose Accumulation of sorbitol and protein precipitation in the lens How long at starvation humans use glycogen stored in the liver? 10 minutes 4 hours C. D. E. * 618. A. B. C. D. E. * 619. A. B. C. D. E. * 620. A. B. C. D. E. * 621. A. B. C. D. E. * 622. A. B. C. D. E. * 623. A. B. C. D. E. * 624. 1 week 2 weeks 24 hours A patient with complains on constant thirst visited a doctor was. Hyperglycemia, polyuria and increased amount of 17-ketosteroid in the blood were found. What disease is the most possible? Insulin-dependent diabetes Myxedema I type glycogenolysis Addison's disease Steroid diabetes In the blood of the patient the amount of glucose on the empty stomach is 5,6 mmol/l, in an hour after sugary loading – 13,8 mmol/l, in two hours – 9,5 mmol/l. Such indexes are specific for: Healthy adult Patient with thyrotoxicosis Patient with Cushing syndrome Patient with acromegaly Patient with hidden form of diabetes mellitus Biochemical blood analysis of a 32 year old patient, who starved for 3 days, showed that the glucose level in blood is normal. What process provides the normal glucose level in the blood after 3-4 days of starvation? Glycolysis Pentose-phosphate pathway Krebs cycle Glycogen synthesis Gluconeogenesis A woman of 58 years is in hard condition. Consciousness is blear, skin is dry, eyes are sunken, cyanosis, the smell of aceton with breathing. Blood glucose - 15,1 mmol/l, urine glucose 3,5%. What is the most real reason for such condition? Uremic coma Hypovolemic coma Anaphylactic shock Hypoglycemic coma Hyperglycemic coma The concentration of glucose in the blood of a patient is 4,5 mmol/l, glucose appears in urine. The possible reason for this condition: Thyroid gland hyperfunctioning Acromegaly Glycogenosis Stress Kidney disease The oxidation of glycerol in aerobic conditions to CO2 and H2O causes the formation of : 9 ATP molucules 1 ATP molucules 3 ATP molucules 15 ATP molucules 22 ATP molucules In the construction of liquid lipids prevail: A. B. C. D. E. * 625. A. B. C. D. E. * 626. A. B. C. D. E. * 627. A. B. C. D. E. * 628. A. B. C. D. E. * 629. A. B. C. D. E. * 630. A. B. C. D. E. * 631. A. B. Saturated fatty acids Dicarboxylic acids Keto acid Hydroxide acids Unsaturated fatty acids Lecithin belongs to: Neutral fat Waxes Steroids Glycolipids Phospholipids Triacyl glycerol lipase of fatty tissue is activated by: Adenosine triphosphate Guanosine triphosphate Adenosine diphosphate Guanosine diphosphate Cyclic adenosine monophosphate The acids which are irreplaceable (essential) for human organism: Lipoic acid, stearic acid, palmitic acid Oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid Palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachidonic acid Butyric acid, oleic acid, linolenic acid Arachidonic acid, linolenic acid, linoleic acid Reserve fats in the fat depot mainly belong to: Phospholipids Cholesterol Fatty acids Glycolipids Tryacylglycerols Which one of the following compounds is a key intermediate in the synthesis of both triacylglycerols and phospholipids? CDP-choline Triacylglyceride Phosphatidylserine CDP-diacylglycerol Phosphatidate Which of the following is not used in the synthesis of fatty acids? Cobalamin (vitamin B12) NADPH AMP HCO3 FADH2 Which of the below-mentioned metabolites is formed by oxidation of fatty acids with odd amount of carbon atoms: Butyryl-CoA Malonyl-CoA C. D. E. * 632. A. B. C. D. E. * 633. A. B. C. D. E. * 634. A. B. C. D. E. * 635. A. B. C. D. E. * 636. A. B. C. D. E. * 637. A. B. C. D. E. * 638. A. B. C. D. E. * Enoil-CoA Acetacetyl-CoA Propionyl-CoA The hormone, which depresses the lipolysis in the fat tissue: Epinephrine Glucagon Thyroxin Adrenocorticotropin Insulin Phospholipids in the organism perform such functions, except: Are a part of cellular membranes Own antiatherosclerotic activity Are lipotropic factors Participate in the formation of blood lipoproteins Own atherosclerotic properties The first stage of acyl-CoA dehydrogenating in mitochondria causes the formation of: Alpha-keto-acyl-CoA Acetyl-CoA Beta-oxyacyl-CoA Acylcarnitine Enoil-CoA Energetic functions in the organism play the following lipids, except: Tryacylglycerol Saturated fatty acids Diacylglycerol Monounsaturated fatty acids Cholesterol Glycerol is transformed into an active form by the enzyme: Phosphatidate phosphatase Glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase Glycerol phosphate acyltransferase Diglyceride-acyl-transferase Glycerol kinase Splitting off acetyl-CoA in the final reaction of beta-oxidation of fatty acids is performed by the enzyme: Dehydrogenase Enolase Hydrase Lipase Thiolase (acetyl-CoA-acyltransferase) Where the resynthesis of lipids takes place? In a liver In kidneys In muscles In the spleen In the intestinal epithelium 639. A. B. C. D. E. * 640. A. B. C. D. E. * 641. A. B. C. D. E. * 642. A. B. C. D. E. * 643. A. B. C. D. E. * 644. A. B. C. D. E. * 645. A. B. C. D. E. * 646. A. B. In oxidation of fatty acids with odd number of carbon atoms propionyl-CoA is transformed into: Malonyl-CoA Enoil-CoA Butyryl-CoA Acetacetyl-CoA Succinyl-CoA Lisophospholipids, formed after action of phospholipase A2, have the following feature: Activate lipase Form conjugates with bile acids Participate in phospholipids resynthesis Accompany absorption of fatty acids Hemolytic Tryacylglycerollipase of fatty tissue is activated by: Adenosine triphosphate Guanosine triphosphate Adenosine diphosphate Guanosine diphosphate Cyclic adenosine monophosphate The formation of lisophospholipids in the intestine is caused by the action of: Phospholipase A1 Phospholipase C Phospholipase D Phospholipase B Phospholipase A2 The bile acids in bile are in conjugated condition with: Cholesterol Bilirubin Glycine and alanine Taurine and valine Glycine and taurine The function of pentose-phosphate pathway in the synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol is the following: Main energy source Source of acetyl-CoA Source of malonyl-CoA Source of NADH2 Source of NADPH2 Which of the below-mentioned acids belongs to bile acids? Linoleic acid Arachidonic acid Oleic acid Myristic acid Cholic acid The amount of total lipids in blood is: 5-10 g/l 2-3 g/l C. D. E. * 647. A. B. C. D. E. * 648. A. B. C. D. E. * 649. A. B. C. D. E. * 650. A. B. C. D. E. * 651. A. B. C. D. E. * 652. A. B. C. D. E. * 653. A. B. C. D. E. * 654. 15-20 g/l 7-12 g/l 3-8 g/l The products of lipids digestion are the following, except: Glycerol Phosphoric acid Fatty acids Methionine Serine How many enzymes are there in the palmitate synthase multienzyme complex? 5 2 3 10 6 Bile acids are metabolic products of: Phospholipids Tryglycerins Glycogen Glycolipids Cholesterol Hepatoenteral circulation of bile acids has such aim as: Fats resynthesis Formation of chylomicrons Cholesterol absorption Glycerol absorption Economical usage of bile acids In humans, a dietary essential fatty acid is Palmitic acid Stearic acid Oleic acid All of the above Linoleic acid In mammals, the major fat in adipose tissues is Phospholipids Cholesterol Sphingolipids All of the above Triacylglycerols The importance of phospholipids as constituent of cell membrane is because they possess Fatty acids Glycerol Phosphoric acid All of the above Both polar and nonpolar groups Dietary fats after absorption appear in the circulation as A. B. C. D. E. * 655. A. B. C. D. E. * 656. A. B. C. D. E. * 657. A. B. C. D. E. * 658. A. B. C. D. E. * 659. A. B. C. D. E. * 660. A. B. C. D. E. * 661. A. B. C. HDL VLDL LDL None of the above Chylomicron Free fatty acids are transported in the blood Combined with fatty acid binding protein Combined with beta-lipoprotein In unbound free salts Combined with alpha-lipoprotein Combined with albumin Long chain fatty acids are first activated to acetyl-CoA in Microsomes Nucleus Mitochondria EPR Cytosol The enzyme acyl-CoA synthase catalyses the conversion of a fatty acid of an active fatty acid in the presence of AMP ADP GTP GDP ATP The enzymes of beta -oxidation are found in Cytosol Golgi apparatus Nucleus EPR Mitochondria Long chain fatty acids penetrate the inner mitochondrial membrane Freely As acyl-CoA derivative Requiring Na dependent carrier As lipoproteins As carnitine derivative Which of the following is a polyunsaturated fatty acid? Palmitic acid Palmitoleic acid Oleic acid All of these Linoleic acid The major lipid in chylomicrons is Phospholipids Cholesterol Free fatty acids D. E. * 662. A. B. C. D. E. * 663. A. B. C. D. E. * 664. A. B. C. D. E. * 665. A. B. C. D. E. * 666. A. B. C. D. E. * 667. A. B. C. D. E. * 668. A. B. C. D. E. * 669. A. A and B Triglycerides Number of carbon atoms in cholesterol is 17 19 30 25 27 The major storage form of lipids is Esterified cholesterol Glycerophospholipids Sphingolipids B and C only Triglycerides The nitrogenous base in lecithin is Ethanolamine Serine Betaine None of above Choline All the following have 18 carbon atoms except Linoleic acid Linolenic acid Stearic acid B and C only Arachidonic acid De novo synthesis of fatty acids occurs in Mitochondria Microsomes EPR All of these Cytosol Acyl Carrier Protein contains the vitamin: Biotin Lipoic acid Folic acid Thiamine Pantothenic acid Which of the following is required as a reductant in fatty acid synthesis? NADH FADH2 FMNH2 A and B NADPH Hepatic lipogenesis is stimulated by: cAMP B. C. D. E. * 670. A. B. C. D. E. * 671. A. B. C. D. E. * 672. A. B. C. D. E. * 673. A. B. C. D. E. * 674. A. B. C. D. E. * 675. A. B. C. D. E. * 676. A. B. C. D. Glucagon Epinephrine B and D Insulin Propionyl CoA is formed on oxidation of Monounsaturated fatty acids Polyunsaturated fatty acids All of these None of these Fatty acids with odd number of carbon atoms In glycerophospholipids, a polyunsaturated fatty acid is commonly attached to which of the following carbon atom of glycerol? Carbon 1 Both (A) and (B) Carbon 3 None of these Carbon 2 Lysolecithin is formed from lecithin by removal of Fatty acid from position 1 Phosphorylcholine Choline None of these Fatty acid from position 2 Chylomicron remnants are catabolised in Intestine Adipose tissue Liver and intestine Pancreas Liver Glycerol is converted into glycerol-3-phosphate by Thiokinase Triokinase Glycerol phosphatase All of these Glycerol kinase In adipose tissue, glycerol-3-phosphate required for the synthesis of triglycerides comes mainly from Hydrolysis of pre-existing triglycerides Hydrolysis of phospholipids Free glycerol All of the above Dihydroxyacetone phosphate formed in glycolysis Glycerol released from adipose tissue by hydrolysis of triglycerides is mainly Taken up by extrahepatic tissues Reutilised in adipose tissue Excreted from the body All of the above E. * 677. A. B. C. D. E. * 678. A. B. C. D. E. * 679. A. B. C. D. E. * 680. A. B. C. D. E. * 681. A. B. C. D. E. * 682. A. B. C. D. E. * 683. A. B. C. D. E. * 684. A. B. Taken up by liver Free glycerol cannot be used for triglyceride synthesis in Liver Kidney Intestine Pancreas Adipose tissue Adipose tissue lacks Hormone-sensitive lipase cAMP-dependent protein kinase Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase B and C Glycerol kinase A digestive secretion that does not contain any digestive enzyme is Saliva Gastric juice Pancreatic juice A and D Bile Saliva contains a lipase which acts on triglycerides having Medium chain fatty acids Long chain fatty acids All of these A and B only Short chain fatty acids Salivary lipase converts dietary triglycerides into Monoglycerides and fatty acids Glycerol and fatty acids All of these A and b only Diglycerides and fatty acids Pancreatic lipase requires for its activity: Mg2+ Glycerophospholipids Phospholipids All of these Co-lipase Oxidation of fatty acids occurs In the cytosol On inner mitochondrial membrane On the microsomes In the EPR In the matrix of mitochondria Carnitine is required for the transport of Triglycerides out of liver Triglycerides into mitochondria C. D. E. * 685. A. B. C. D. E. * 686. A. B. C. D. E. * 687. A. B. C. D. E. * 688. A. B. C. D. E. * 689. A. B. C. D. E. * 690. A. B. C. D. E. * 691. A. B. C. D. E. * Short chain fatty acids into mitochondria C and D Long chain fatty acids into mitochondria Carnitine acylcarnitine translocase is present In the mitochondrial matrix On the outer surface of inner mitochondrial membrane On the inner surface of inner mitochondrial membrane In cytoplasm In the inner mitochondrial membrane Propionyl CoA formed oxidation of fatty acids having an odd number of carbon atoms is converted into Acetyl CoA Acetoacetyl CoA Butyryl CoA None of the above D-Methylmalonyl CoA Co-lipase is a Bile salt Vitamin Phospholipid Lipoprotein Protein Plasma becomes milky Due to high level of HDL Due to high level of LDL During fasting All of the above After a meal Mitochondrial membrane is permeable to Medium chain fatty acids Long chain fatty acids All of these A and B Short chain fatty acids During each cycle of beta -oxidation One carbon atom is removed from the carboxyl end of the fatty acid One carbon atom is removed from the methyl end of the fatty acid Two carbon atoms are removed from the methyl end of the fatty acid Three carbon atoms are removed from the carboxyl end of the fatty acid Two carbon atoms are removed from the carboxyl end of the fatty acid One functional sub-unit of multi-enzyme complex for de novo synthesis of fatty acids contains One —SH group Three —SH groups Four —SH groups Five —SH groups Two —SH groups 692. A. B. C. D. E. * 693. A. B. C. D. E. * 694. A. B. C. D. E. * 695. A. B. C. D. E. * 696. A. B. C. D. E. * 697. A. B. C. D. E. * 698. A. B. C. D. E. * 699. A. Sphingomyelins: Complex proteins Nitrolipids Alcohols None of these Phospholipids Release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue is increased by all of the following except Glucagon Epinephrine Growth hormone C and D Insulin For extramitochondrial fatty acid synthesis, acetyl CoA may be obtained from Isocitrate Oxaloacetate Succinate Succsinil-CoA Citrate Arachidonic acid contains the number of double bonds: 2 3 5 1 4 The fatty acids containing even number and odd number of carbon atoms as well as the unsaturated fatty acids are oxidized by Alpha-oxidation Gama-oxidation All of these None of these Beta-oxidation Long chain fatty acids are first activated to acyl CoA in the Mitochodria Ribosomes Microsome EPR Cytosol Long chain acyl CoA penetrates mitochondria in the presence of Palmitate Sorbitol DNP cAMP Carnitine Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase converts Acyl CoA to beta-unsaturated acyl-CoA in presence of the coenzyme: NAD+ B. C. D. E. * 700. A. B. C. D. E. * 701. A. B. C. D. E. * 702. A. B. C. D. E. * 703. A. B. C. D. E. * 704. A. B. C. D. E. * 705. A. B. C. D. E. * 706. A. B. C. D. E. * NADP+ ATP TPP FAD Carboxylation of acetyl—CoA to malonyl — CoA takes place in presence of FAD+ NAD+ NADP+ TPP Biotin Malonyl-CoA reacts with the central NH2 group COOH group CH2OH group C and D SH group Fatty acid synthesis takes place in the presence of the coenzyme: NAD+ Reduced NAD NADP+ TPP Reduced NADP Lipids have the following properties: Insoluble in water and soluble in fat solvent High energy content Structural component of cell membrane A and C only All of these Lecithins are composed of Glycerol + Fatty acids + Phosphoric acid + Ethanolamine Glycerol + Fatty acids + Phosphoric acid + Serine Glycerol + Fatty acids + Phosphoric acid + Beaine All of these Glycerol + Fatty acids + Phosphoric acid + Choline Depot fats of mammalian cells comprise mostly of Cholesterol Cholesterol esters Phospholipids All of these Triacyl glycerol Phospholipids are important cell membrane components because They have glycerol They can form bilayers in water They combine covalently with proteins All of these They have both polar and non polar potions 707. A. B. C. D. E. * 708. A. B. C. D. E. * 709. A. B. C. D. E. * 710. A. B. C. D. E. * 711. A. B. C. D. E. * 712. A. B. C. D. E. * 713. A. B. C. D. E. * 714. A. B. A fatty acid which is not synthesized in human body and has to be supplied in the diet: Palmitic acid Oleic acid Stearic acid All of these Linoleic acid The triacyl glycerol present in plasma lipoproteins are hydrolyzed by Linqual lipase Pancreatic lipase Colipase Both B and D Lipoprotein lipase The ‘free fatty acids’ (FFA) of plasma: Metabolically inert Mainly bound to beta -lipoproteins Stored in the fat All of the above Mainly bound to serum albumin In the extra mitochondrial synthesis of fatty acids, CO2 is utilized To keep the system anaerobic and prevent regeneration of acetyl CoA In the conversion of malonyl to CoA hydroxybutyryl CoA In the formation of acetyl CoA from 1 carbon intermediates All of these In the conversion of acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA All long chain fatty acids with even number of carbon atoms are oxidized to a pool of _________ by beta-oxidation. CO2 Propionic acid Acetic acid CoA Acetyl CoA The level of free fatty acids in plasma is increased by Insulin Glucose Niacin All of the above Epinephrine What is the sub cellular site for the beta- oxidation of fatty acids? Nucleus Lysosome Cytosol All of the above Mitochondria A diet containing this fat is helpful in lowering the blood cholesterol level. Saturated Vitamin enriched C. D. E. * Refined All of the above Unsaturated