Download Why would someone take the vitamin niacin?

AP Biology_Chapter 9 Guided Reading
***Questions on the AP exam are most likely to focus on energy transfers of photosynthesis
and cellular respiration not on the exact reactions/enzymes involved. Focus on being able to
compare and contrast the two cell processes.
***Draw figure 9.2 as your Unit page (this is the big picture!)
Section 9.1 - Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels
1. Define the two catabolic pathways: (are they breaking or building molecules??)
a. Fermentation
b. Aerobic respiration (what do they compare aerobic respiration to?)
2. Write the summary equation for cellular respiration and label the fate of the reactants and
products (what turns into what!).
3. Note that glucose is not the only source of energy! Proteins, carbs and fats too!
4. Use the following terms correctly in a sentence: redox reactions, oxidation, reduction, reducing
agent and oxidizing agent. Draw the simplified redox formula to help you to remember the
process.
5. Explain how being “reduced” is equivalent to having a greater potential energy.
6. In cellular respiration, label what is being oxidized and what is being reduced.
7. Label the diagram below of the electron movement with regard to the coenzyme NAD+. Explain
the function of NAD+ in cellular respiration
Bonus connection:
Why would someone take
the vitamin niacin?
8. Using figure 9.5, describe why electron transport chains are an advantage to living systems.
9. Draw figure 9.6 illustrating and labeling the three stages of aerobic cellular respiration and their
products.
10. Compare and contrast substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation. Make
sure to know where each happens in cell respiration.
Section 9.2 - Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate
11. Complete the glycolysis chart below: (this is the overall picture you need to know not the
enzymes and reactions!) What does glycolysis mean?
12. Looking at the net energy gain in glycolysis, where does most of the potential energy reside
and where will it go to be used by the cell?
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13. Answer concept check 9.2 questions… #2 is a great test question!!
Section 9.3 - After pyruvate is oxidized, the citric acid cycle completes the energy-yielding
oxidation of organic molecules
14. Label and describe the transition reaction converting pyruvate to acetyl coA below. Be sure to
note that a transport protein is required to move the pyruvate…why?
15. Label the citric acid cycle below and be able to explain the questions below:
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a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
How many turns of the citric acid cycle does it take to completely oxidize glucose?
Where does the C “go” that is removed?
What is happening when NAD+
NADH + H+?
Where is substrate level phosphorylation happening?
What are the final products of the citric acid cycle and where do they go? (hint: don’t forget
about your answer from “a”!)
Section 9.4 - During oxidative phosphorylation, chemiosmosis couples electron transport to
ATP synthesis
16. Define and explain what cytochromes are.
17. Define chemiosmosis and label the diagram below. Super important process to understand and
connects prior concepts like osmosis, proton gradients etc!!!
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18. Label the diagram below of the activities occurring on the ETC.
19. Complete the summary diagram of cellular respiration and its energy outputs. You are
responsible for these #’s and locations!
Section 9.5 - Fermentation and anaerobic respiration enable cells to produ ce ATP without the
use of oxygen
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20. Label the diagram of fermentation below:
21. Describe aerobic cellular respiration in prokaryotic organisms and where/how it happens.
22. Explain the overall purpose of fermentation and why it must occur.
23. Compare and contrast facultative anaerobes and obligate anaerobes.
24. What is the evolutionary significance of glycolysis? This links to big idea of unity and diversity!
Section 9.6 - Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle connect to many other metabolic pathways
25. Explain that fats provide a little more than twice as many calories per gram as compared to
carbohydrates or proteins. Hint: Think of the output of the Citric Acid Cycle.
26. Why would AMP stimulate cellular respiration and ATP inhibit it?
27. Why would phosphofructokinase being allosteric in character be an advantage to the control of
cellular respiration?
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