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Genetics What is Genetics? The study of heredity Genetics does not just relate to people, but also includes animals, plants, insects, etc. Heredity: the passing of traits from parents to offspring Offspring: children (next generation) Trait: a characteristic What is Genetic Information? There are several words we use to describe where this information is found… DNA Chromosomes Genes Where is the genetic information? Genetic Information Found inside every cell Located in the nucleus (main organelle in the center of the cell) Structure inside the nucleus chromosomes carry the genetic code (blueprints) chromosomes are made of many sections of blueprints called genes genes are made of DNA Chromosomes Package of genes Humans have 46 chromosomes They come in pairs…so 23 pairs Different organisms have different # of chromosomes Some plants: hundreds Some bacteria: one Mouse: 20 DNA DeoxyriboNucleic Acid Double stranded Twisted ladder Structure discovered by Watson and Crick Rosiland Franklin Made of nitrogen bases, sugars, phosphate Gene A section of DNA Contains specific information for a particular trait Different traits are controlled by different genes Label the picture with each of the following terms: – Chromosome – DNA – Gene Analogy… Spool of thread DNA…thread Gene…colored sections of thread Chromosome…thread on spool How is this information passed on? It is passed on when new cells are created… 2 PROCESSES 1. Mitosis 2. Meiosis Mitosis Creates identical cells For growth and repair For asexual reproduction Meiosis Creates sperm/egg For sexual reproduction Steps in Mitosis 1. DNA is replicated Replication: making a copy of DNA Chromosome pairs split and go to each side 3. Cell divides 2. Steps in Meiosis DNA is replicated 2. DNA is recombined (mixed) 3. Cells divide 4. Cells divide again 1. Compare and Contrast… Similarities Differences Mitosis Meiosis So… How many chromosomes do human cells have? Then how come you don’t have 92 (46 + 46) chromosomes when you combine an egg with sperm? Important points about Meiosis 1. 2. Creates sperm and egg cells Reduces the number of chromosomes 3. 4. cuts the number in ½ Produces 4 cells Chromosomes have recombined (mixed) creates variety Karyotype Karyotype A picture of the chromosomes Identifies an error in meiosis that results in a different # of chromosomes Used to identify some genetic disorders An incorrect number of chromosome is ONE type of genetic disorder Sex Chromosomes X Chromosome Larger chromosome Contains over 2,000 genes Contains info NOT related to gender Y Chromosome Smaller chromosome Contains 330 genes Only one of its genes determines the male gender Sex Determination… Sex is determined by the Y chromosome XX = female XY = male Twins Two Types of Twins… Identical Twins One egg is released Egg is fertilized by one sperm One fertilized egg splits into two Twins have identical chromosomes Twins are like “clones” Fraternal Twins Two eggs are released Each egg is fertilized by a different sperm (2 sperm total) Twins have different chromosomes Twins are like siblings Common Questions Twins: fraternal twins are generational How long can sperm survive? Depends on environment, but ~5 days Genetic Vocabulary Genetic Vocabulary P Parent F1 First filial 1st generation F2 Second filial 2nd Generation Genetic Vocabulary Allele Letter representation of a gene Consist of two letters (same letter) Represents two forms of the trait Ex) Tt Genetic Vocabulary dominant The stronger trait Represented by a big letter Does the hiding…hides the recessive trait recessive The weaker trait Represented by a small letter Gets hidden Only seen when there is no big (dominant) letter Genetic Vocabulary heterozygous Hetero=different Two different alleles Ex) Tt homozygous Homo=same Two same alleles Ex) TT or tt Genetic Vocabulary hybrid An organism that is “mixed” (heterozygous) for a trait purebred An organism that is “pure” (homozygous) for a trait Genetic Vocabulary phenotype Physical description of the trait What does it look like? Uses words Ex) tall genotype Allele description of the trait What are the letters? Uses letters Ex) Tt The Mating Game Article You need the following: 2 different colored highlighters – You can share colors with a neighbor Pencil or Pen Copy of the article The Mating Game Article 1. Read the 2. How does article. the article define hybrid? Write the word “definition” in the margin next to the sentence in the article. 3. Circle all examples of hybrids . 4. Underline reasons for why different species rarely mate in nature. Write a number for each reason in the margin of the article. 5. Highlight the sentences that describe disadvantages to the formation of hybrids. 6. Highlight in another color the sentences that describe how creating hybrids can be beneficial. Your Assignment Using your annotated article, answer the article questions. Write in complete sentences.