Download Med Term Chapter 10

Chapter 10: Nervous System
Horse’s tail
Define the following
 Afferent (sensory) Nerves
 Efferent (motor) Nerves
 Carry messages related to
 Message is carried AWAY
changes in the environment
TOWARD the spinal cord
and brain
from the brain and spinal
cord to the muscles, telling
them what to do.
Cranial and Spinal Nerves
 Mainly Voluntary
 Involved with sensations of :
 Smell
 Taste
 Sight
 Hearing
 Muscle Movement
Autonomic Nervous System
 Peripheral Nerves Function Involuntarily
 Generally Carries Impulses AWAY from the
Central Nervous System to:
 Heart
 Glands
 Blood Vessels
 Muscles of the Intestines, Stomach, Urinary
Bladder
More about Autonomic Nerves
 Some are






SYMPATHETIC
Stimulate the body in times
of stress:
Stimulates Adrenal Glands
Increase Heart Rate
Dilate Airways
Increase B/P
Slows Digestion
 Some are






PARASYMATHETIC
Balance the Sympathetic
Response:
Slows Heart Rate
Contracts Pupils
Lowers B/P
Increases saliva
Stimulates
peristalsis/digestion
Define Plexus
 A large network of nerves in the
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM!!!
 Cervical Plexus
 Brachial Plexus
 Lumbosacral Plexuses
 Solar Plexus (sympathetic nerves and ganglia located in the peritoneal cavity behind the stomach and
having branching tracts that supply nerves to the abdominal viscera. )
Dendrites
Cell Body
Cell Nucleus
Axon: carries pulses away from cell
Myelin Sheath; covers axon/white matter
Terminal End Fibers: nerve impulse leaves cell
Synapse: jumps neuron to
neuron.
Pronunciation and definition:
Definition of Parenchyma
 Parenchyma:The key elements of an organ essential to its
functioning, as distinct from the capsule that encompasses it
and other supporting structures. The parenchyma is thus
opposed to the connective tissue framework, or stroma, of an
organ. The parenchyma of the testis consists of what are
called the seminiferous tubules.
 The word is pronounced "pa-ren-ki-ma" with the "y" in
"parenchyma" pronounced as a short "i" rather than as
"eye."
Quick Question
 What is the nervous system parenchyma?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Neuronal tissue
Glial tissue
Ventricles
Connective tissue
What is a Neuron? Individual Nerve Cells
Define Glial Cells
 Glial cells, commonly called neuroglia or
simply glia (Greek for "glue"), are nonneuronal cells that provide support and
nutrition, maintain homeostasis, form
myelin, and participate in signal
transmission in the nervous system. In the
human brain, glia are estimated to
outnumber neurons by about 10 to 1.
Remember that STROMAL TISSUE…
 Is the SUPPORTIVE/CONNECTIVE TISSUE of the
Organ
 Nervous System Stromal Tissue : Glia
 Astrocytes (Astroglial Cells): transports water and salts between capillaries
and neurons.
 Microglial Cells: as phagocytes protect neurons from inflammation.
 Oligodendroglial Cells (Oligodendrocytes): form myelin sheath
 Ependymal Cells: line membranes within the brain and spinal cord where CSF
circulates.
Glial Cells (framework)
Astrocytes (astroglial cells)
transports water and salts between capillaries and neurons.
2009 Howard Hughes Medical Institute
Microglial Cell
Protect neurons in response to inflammation.
Courtesy of Fred Maxfield
Oligodendroglial Cells
These cells form the myelin sheath.
Lee PR and Fields R (2009)
Define…..
 Oligodenroglial
Olig/o
dendr/o
glial
Scanty/Few
Dendrites = branching fibers of neurons
Stromal tissue of the nervous system
Oligodendrocytes form a protective sheath, known as myelin, that insulates the fibrous cables, or axons, radiating
from nerve cells. In multiple sclerosis, the immune system's T cells and B cells attack oligodendrocytes, ultimately
damaging the myelin sheath to the point that the electrical signals transmitted by the axons beneath it are disrupted.
(David Rowitch, et al. University of California - San Francisco.)
Multiple sclerosis destroys myelin sheaths surrounding nerves and is thought to be an autoimmune disease. Symptoms:
numbness tingling of the hand and toes, loss of coordination, weakness, loss of bladder and bowel control, eyesight
problems, mood swings, slurred speech.
stanford.wellsphere.com/.../591402
Ependymal Cells
line membranes within the brain and spinal cord where CSF circulates.
Spinal cord central canal (H&E stain). The central canal of the spinal
cord is lined by ependymal cells which have cilia (arrows) that project
into the lumen of the central canal.
Quick Question
The “balance” of the nervous system is
the:
oA. autonomic nervous system
oB. the central nervous system
oC. sympathetic nerve
oD. parasympathetic nerves
Quick Question
 The transfer of a nervous impulse across the
synapse depends on:
o A. neurotransmitters
o B. synaptic chains
o C. the sympathetic nervous system
o D. the parasympathetic nervous system
Lobotomies were used to treat many different types of mental illnesses,
including anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. The procedure was also
performed on people who were considered extremely emotional, difficult to
handle or simply "moody.“ (Shanna Freeman)
Medieval doctor “letting the devil out”
Walter Freeman performing a lobotomy in 1949 at the Western State Hospital
(Image Credit: Shedding Light on Shadowland)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_0aNILW6ILk
There have been a few famous
cases over the years. For example,
Rosemary Kennedy, sister to John,
Robert, and Edward Kennedy, was
given a lobotomy when her father
complained to doctors about the
mildly retarded girl’s embarrassing
new interest in boys. Her father
never informed the rest of the family
about what he had done. She lived
out her life in a Wisconsin institution
and died January 7, 2005, at the
age of 86. Her sister, Eunice
Kennedy Shriver, founded the
Special Olympics in her honor in
1968.
http://dda604.wordpress.com/2009/08/18/
Myelo – spinal cord
Radicul/o – spinal nerve root
Hematoma – Collection of blood (what?)
Subdural Hematoma: collection of blood within
the meningeal layers
Quick Question
 Bradykinesia means from the terminology section means:
A. Partial paralysis
B. Slow movement
C. Slow thinking
D. Slow speech
Dura Mater: Outer most
membrane
Subdural Space: below dural
membrane
Arachnoid Membrane: web like fibers
attached to other meninges
Subarachnoid Space
Pia Mater: blood supply
Pia and Arachnoid may be
referred to as pia-arachnoid.
Quick Question
 The thinnest of the meninges:
oA. arachnoids
oB. dura mater
oC. pia mater
Quick Question
 Motor aphasia (aka broca) means:
o A. the patient cannot speak
o B. the patient knows what they want to say
but cannot say it
o C. the patient has difficulty understanding
and cannot repeat written and verbal
___language disturbance caused by a lesion of
the brain, making an individual partially or
totally impaired in his ability to speak, write,
or comprehend the commands.
Anesthesia – condition of no nervous sensation
Paresthesia – abnormal sensation of tingling or
prickling
Myelo – spinal cord
Ultrasound Showing Spina Bifida
Tourette Syndrome
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HPmpIY7XJVE
Parkinson Disease
 Deficiency of dopamine made by the basal
ganglia
 Palliative Tx only (relieving, but not curing)
 Characterize by person with a “shuffling gait”
webpages.scu.edu
sportsillustrated.cnn.com
fitsugar.com
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ECkPVTZlfP8
This is the
most
malignant form
of
astrocytoma’s
or brain
tumors of the
glial cells
Brain Tumor –
Arise from
Glial Cells
(Astrocytoma’s
Glioma’s)
or
Meninges
(Meningioma’s)
Glio/blast/oma
 Glial cells
 Blast/o
Supportive tissue of nervous system
Immature cells
 Oma
Tumor
 Blastoma
Immature tumor cells
A highly malignant brain tumor
Stroke or CVA (Cerebrovascular accident)
Disruption in normal blood supply
to the brain
Quick Question
 A stroke caused by a dislodged
thrombus is called a:
oA. hemorrhagic
oB. thrombotic
oC. embolic
Shingles: Itching painful rash/blisters that
follow the course of the sensory nerve.
shinglesonface.com/
Googleimages.com
True or False:
 Sympathetic nerves stimulate the body
in times of stress and crisis and the
parasympathetic nerves normally act as
a balance for the sympathetic nerves.
True
Quick Question
Part of the nerve cell that first
receives the nervous impulse is the:
A. Axon
B. Cell body
C. Convolution
D. Dendrite
E. Neurilemma
Quick Question
 Space between nerve cells is called the:
A. Stimulus
B. Subdural space
C. Synapse
D. Subarachnoid space
Quick Question
 Paralysis of four extremities:
A. Hemi paresis
B. Hemiplegia
C. Paraplegia
D. Quadriplegia
E. Apraxia
Quick Question
Fainting
A.Shingles
B. Hyperesthesia
C.Ataxia
D.Syncope
E. Palsy
Quick Question
 Condition of no nervous sensation:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Analgesia
Anencephaly
Anesthesia
Alzheimer disease
Quick Question
 Inability to Speak
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Apraxia
Dysplasia
Aphasia
Aphagia
Ataxia
 Epilepsy
 Chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizure activity
 Aura – peculiar sensation experienced by the affected person before
onset of a seizure (dizziness, numbness and visual or olfactory
disturbances)
 Tonic-clonic seizure (grand mal or ictal events)
 Major form of seizure
 Sudden loss of consciousness, falling down, tonic and clonic contractions
 Absence seizure (petit mal seizure)
 Minor form of seizure
 Momentary clouding of consciousness and loss of awareness of a person’s
surroundings