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Chromosomes & Cell Division Notes DNA (__________________): Stores info and tells the cells when to make ___________, and what _____________________________. _____________: unit of heredity, enough DNA to instruct for the construction of one protein. Each DNA molecule is made up of thousands of genes. Forms of DNA 1. _______________________genetic material in __________________ cell’s nucleus; DNA in thin, non-coiled strands. DNA is in this form 99% of the time because cells are generally not dividing. DNA must be in this form in order to be copied (replicated). 2. ________________ - genetic material in _________________ cell’s nucleus; DNA in coiled, rod-shaped form. 1. DNA must be in chromosome form in order for the cell to divide or reproduce. Steps in Chromosome Formation 1. 2. 3. 4. Chromatin DNA in _____________________________________. DNA __________________________. DNA _____________________________. ______________________________ DNA in 2 joined identical ________________________. Chromosomes _________________________- one of two duplicated, joined, ____________________parts of a chromosome; found after DNA replication but before cell division. _______________________ – Point at which sister chromatids are attached Draw picture of chromosome here Chromosome Number Every species has a characteristic number of chromosomes which is different from other species. Example: nematode worm 2 pairs protozoan 300 pairs human 23 pairs Chromosomes __________________ in sexually reproducing organisms. One of the pair comes from the ________________, the other comes from the ______________. ________________________________________: two members of a pair of chromosomes that carry genes for the same traits, have the same size and shape. (ONE FROM MOM AND ONE FROM DAD) Human Chromosomes - Karyotype Diploid vs. Haploid ______________________ total chromosome number in a ____________________, having both chromosomes of a __________________________________________. Diploid or 2N number in humans is 46 chromosomes or 23 homologous pairs. _________________________ chromosomes number in ________________________ only one chromosome from each homologous pair. Haploid or 1N number in human egg or sperm is 23, there are no homologous chromosomes. Mitosis Mitosis - the division of the nucleus into two equal halves or sets of genetic information Basically, _____________________________________ Purpose: Each cell must _________________________________________________________ Every time the cell divides, it must pass on a copy of each chromosome. Every cell in the body (except 1 kind that we will talk about later) _________________________. Each cell will just ____________________________. (Ex. Heart cells will use heart DNA). Therefore; all cells divide using _______________. Cells divide as part of growth or reproduction “Growth” includes: *__________________________________________________ *__________________________________________________ *__________________________________________________ Mitosis is part of the cell cycle The cell cycle is divided into 5 phases 1. ________________________ 2. ________________________ 3. ________________________ 4. ________________________ 5. ________________________ Interphase – period of normal cell activity and growth Events of Interphase: • The cell spends _________________________________in interphase. • DNA is in _______________________________ form, spread throughout the nucleus. • DNA __________________________, cell then contains two exact copies of each chromosome. • Centrioles found just outside the nuclear membrane of the cell. Stages: • G1 (Gap 1) – __________________________________ ____________ • S (Synthesis) – ____________________________________________ _ • G2 (Gap 2) – _______________________________________________ Mitosis Stage 1: Prophase 3 major things happen 1. ________________________________ coil and become visible 2. The ____________________________________ breaks down and disappears 3. The _________________________ forms *Animal cells have centrioles Stage 2: Metaphase Chromosomes line up on the __________________ (__________________________________) __________________________attach to the ______________________ at the _____________________________. 3rd stage: Anaphase • _____________________________split _______________________ • __________________________ move ______________ from each other toward opposite poles 4th stage: Telophase The opposite of __________________________ (the cell is ending its division and going back to normal). Chromosomes __________________________ to form chromatin Two new ____________________ form with new membranes The spindle _________________________ Stages of Mitosis 1. 2. 3. 4. ___ ___ ___ ___ Cytokinesis Division of the ______________ _______________________________ pinch inward forming a __________________________. ______________________________ divide from the inside towards the outside by forming a ____________________________ which becomes the ________________________. Animal Centrioles ______________________ Differences between Animal and Plant Cells Plant No centrioles __________________________________________________