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Unit 4 Genetics Ch. 14 The Human Genome Human Chromosomes - To analyze _________________, biologists _________________ cells in ___________ - They then _____ out the __________________ from the __________________, & group them together in ________ - Karyotype – a ____________ of ________________ arranged in ________ - Sex chromosomes - __ of the ____ chromosomes, that determine an individual’s _____ o Females: _____ o Males: _____ - Autosomes – remaining ___ chromosomes Human Traits - Pedigree - ______ that shows the ______________ within a _________ - Remember that the _______________ of an organism is determined by its ____________ - Also, that ____________________ effects on ________ expression are not ____________, _________ are Human Genes - The human ____________, our ______________ set of ____________ information, includes 10’s of 1000’s of _______ - The _______ sequences on these ________ carry information for specifying many ________________ - Many genetic _____________ are caused by ______________ recessive __________ - However, some genetic _____________ may be caused by a ______________ allele - Ex.) _______________, Huntington’s Disease (loss of _____________ control, & _________ function until __________ occurs) From Gene to Molecule - In __________ fibrosis, & __________ cell disease, a small change in the ______ of a single ________ affects the _____________ of a __________, causing a serious ____________ disorder - __________ fibrosis is caused by the ______________ of __ bases in the ______ of a single ______ o As a result, the ______ does not produce a _________ needed to ____________ chloride ____ o ___ causes serious ______________ & _______________ problems From Gene to Molecule (cont.) - __________ cell disease is common in ____________ Americans o It is characterized by the _______ & ___________ shape of the _____ blood _____ o The _______ get stuck in the _______________, damaging ______, tissues, & _________ o It causes _______________ weakness, & damage to the _______, heart, & ________ (may be ________) Human Genes & Chromosomes - ________ located close together on the same _________________ are _________, so they tend to be ______________ together - ___________ genes may be _______________, however, during _____________ Sex-Linked Genes - Sex-linked genes - _________ located on the ______ chromosomes - _________ have 1 __ chromosome, therefore, all __________ alleles are _______________ in males, even if they are ________________ - Ex. of ______________ disorders: ___________________, hemophilia, ______________ dystrophy Chromosomal Disorders - Nondisjuntion – when __________________ chromosomes fail to _____________ during _________ - If it occurs, abnormal ____ of ________________ could find their way into ____________, & a _____________ of ___________________ #’s may result - ________ Syndrome results when there is an _________ on chromosome ___ Human DNA Analysis - DNA Fingerprinting – (Gel Electrophoresis), analyzes sections of ______ that vary from 1 ________________ to another The Human Genome Project - The _________ Genome __________ is an ongoing effort to ___________ the human _____ sequence - ___________________ companies are rushing to find __________ info. that may be used in developing new _________ & _________________ for disease Gene Therapy - In _________ therapy, an _____________ or ___________ gene is replaced by a __________, working ________ - ____________ are often used because they can enter _______ so easily Ethical Issues in Human Genetics - The goal of ___________ is to gain a better __________________ of the nature of ______ - As our ________________ increases, so does our ability to ____________ the ___________ of _________ things, including __________ - What will happen to the ____________ species if we ____________ our _____________?