Download Study Guide/Cheat sheet for Cell Unit

9 week Benchmark Study Guide
CELLS
PROKARYOTE
Pro = No (No nucleus or membrane-bound organelles)
EUKARYOTES
- cells contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Bacterial Cell
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Ribosomes - proteins
Nucleic Acid – DNA/RNA
Cell membrane
Some Cell Wall
Animal cell parts:
Plant cell parts
Cell membrane – phospholipid bilayer
Same as Animal plus
- controls what enters/leaves
cell wall – support – made of cellulose
Mitochondria – turn food into energy
chloroplasts – capture light energy
Ribosomes – make proteins
vacuoles – very large
ER – transports fat (smooth) or proteins (rough)
Golgi body – modifies, packages and transports
Lysosomes – clean up
Cytoskeleton – structure/support
Nucleus – contains genetic info. (DNA/RNA)
Cell wall composition
No cell wall
Bacteria - peptidoglycan
Fungi - chitin
Plants - cellulose
Animals
MACROMOLECULES
Organic compounds – contain CARBON “C” – major element found in living things
- also usually contain hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O)
The 4 macromolecules (Molecules of Life): Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
monomer = monosaccaride
- give quick energy
- gives extra support in cell walls (plants)
Starches – potatoes, pasta, bread
Lipids
(single sugar)
Sugars – candy, fruits, vegetables
monomer – fatty acids
- stores energy
- Insulates and cushions
Butters, oils, animal fat
__________________________________________________________________
Proteins
monomer = amino acid
- build muscle, hair, nails
- regulates metabolism(enzymes)
- molecular structure contains Nitrogen!!!
Meats, nuts
___________________________________________________________________
Nucleic Acids
monomer = nucleotide
- stores hereditary material in code (messages)
The double helix structure was discovered
by James Watson & Francis Crick in 1964.
DNA & RNA
(Phosphate, sugar, base)
Enzymes
(specialized proteins) help control the rate of chemical reactions (usually speeds it up without being used up). They
are effected by Temperature (hotter is faster) and pH (acid/base amounts)
-they are effected by concentration (higher concentration the faster it will happen)
Catalyst- an enzyme that speeds up a reaction.
Cell Transport
Cell Transport – How a cell moves material in and out through the cell membrane
2 Types: Passive (no energy required) and Active (requires cell to use energy)
-The cell membrane on the outside determines what can enter and leave your cells and keeps you alive.
-Cells must interact with the environment to maintain Homeostasis.
Transport/Channel
Protein
Phospholipids bilayer
-Substances diffuse across the membrane and flow naturally
from a higher concentration to a lower one.
-Water diffuses the process is called osmosis.
-This means that water would cross a selectively
permeable membrane from a dilute solution (less dissolved
in it) to a concentrated solution (more dissolved in it).
2 types of cell transport (across the cell membrane)
Active
Passive
- Uses cell energy (ATP)
-Endocytosis
-Exocytosis
-Sodium-Potassium Pump
- NO cell energy…it happens because of molecular movement
-Diffusion - High to Low concentrations
-Osmosis - the diffusion of water
-facilitated diffusion
Types of Solutions: (Sketch the beakers with cells to represent the correct
type of solution like we did in class).
A
_____Isotonic____
(concentration is
equal inside and out)
B
___Hypotonic___
(concentration Is
higher inside than out)
Diffusion – the movement of particles
from higher to lower concentration
Osmosis – the movement of water from
higher to lower concentration
Facilitated Diffusion – the movement of large
particles with the help of
carrier proteins
C
___Hypertonic__
(Concentration is higher
outside than inside)
Pump – the movement (pumping) of
ions across the cell membrane
against concentration using ATP
Endocytosis – how a cell “ingests”
or moves large amounts of
particles fluids INTO the
cell
pinocytosis - fluids
phagocytosis – solids
Exocytosis – opposite of endocytosis,
how a cell “spits out” large amounts
of fluids or solids
Characteristics of Living Things (Biology: the study of living things)
Homeostasis – maintaining a balanced internal conditions
Organization - Cells  Tissue  Organs  Organ systems  Organism (living thing)
Growth - gets bigger or adds cells or matures
Reproduce - asexual or sexual; making more of one’s species
Energy - organisms must make or obtain energy (food) – ‘metabolism’
Cells - all living things are made of cells or at least one cell (unicellular)
Respond - responding to stimuli such as temperature, pH, needs such as food,….etc.
Viruses - They are NOT alive. They do not meet all of the HOGRECR
- Antibiotics do not kill or help a viral infection such as the common cold or influenza.
- Viruses are not plants, animals, or bacteria, but they are parasites of the living kingdoms.
CELL ENERGY
Photosynthesis – sunlight is converted into sugar/food (chemical energy = ATP)
- takes place in Autotrophic organisms (ex: plants) usually in the leaves
- takes place in the Chloroplast organelle of plants
Reactants ------------------------------------------------->
6 CO2
Carbon dioxide
+
6 H2O
+
Water
Light Dependent Reactions
(sunlight)
-takes place in the thylakoids of the chloroplast
-Water molecules are split
-Energy is stored as ATP
---------
Sunlight
Enzymes
Products
C6H12O6
+
Sugar (glucose)
main product
6 O2
Oxygen gas
by-product/wastes
Calvin Cycle
(light independent – doesn’t require sunlight)
-takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast
-Carbon is ‘fixed’ in carbohydrate (from gas to sugar molecule)
Cellular Respiration – plants and animals convert food into energy
- takes place in the mitochondria
ATP (energy)
C6H12O6 +
Sugar (glucose)
+
6 O2
---------
Oxygen gas
6 H2O
Water
+
6 CO2
Carbon dioxide
_____________________________________________________
Light Energy
Photosynthesis
Chloroplast
Gives off water and CO2
Mitochondria
Cellular Respiration
Gives off sugar (glucose) & Oxygen (gas)