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1. What is mitosis? Cell Division 2. Define mitochondria - Rod shaped cell structures that produce most of the energy needed to carry our the cell’s functions. 3. Define Nucleus – The control center of a cell that directs the cell’s activities; contains the chemical instructions tat direct all the cell’s activities and determine the cell’s characteristics. 4. Define chloroplast - A structure in the cells of plants and some other organisms that captures energy from sunlight and uses it to produce food. 5. Define cell membrane – The outside boundary of a cell; controls which substances can enter or leave the cell. 6. Define cytoplasm – The region of a cell located inside the cell membrane (prokaryotes) or between the cell membrane and the nucleus (eukaryotes); contains a gel-like material and cell organelles. 7. Organize the following from smallest to largest: organ system, organism, organ, cell, tissue Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism 8. What is commensalism? Relationship in which one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped 9. What is mutualism? Type of symbiosis in which both partners benefit 10. What is parasitism? Relationship in which one organism lives on or inside another and harms it. 11. What is predation? An interaction in which one organism hunts and kills another animal for food. 12. Give an example of commensalism. A bird and a tree. The bird has a place to build its nest and live, but the tree is not harmed nor helped by this arrangement. 13. Give an example of mutualism. Pollination is a classic example of mutualism. Birds or insects get food and flowers get pollinated, which is key to their reproduction. 14. What is the purpose of mitosis? Mitosis ensures that each new cell receives a copy of each chromosome. 15. What are the phases of mitosis? Give a short explanation of each. Prophase – chromosomes condense, metaphase – chromosomes align in the middle, anaphase – Chromosomes move to opposite ends, telophase – chromosomes unwind & nuclear envelope reforms 16. What is diffusion? Give an example. This is the movement from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. Ex. Air freshener 17. What is osmosis? Give an example. The diffusion of water through cell membranes. Ex. Water moving out of an egg after it is put in corn syrup 18. What is active transport? A process of transporting particles that requires the cell to use energy. 19. What is passive transport? The movement of particles across a cell membrane without the use of energy. 20. What are two types of passive transport? Diffusion and osmosis 21. What is endocytosis? Active transport process by which a cell surrounds a large particle such as a large protein and encloses the particle in a vesicle to bring the particle into the cell. 22. What is exocytosis? A vesicle forms around a large particles within the cell. The vesicle carries the particle to the cell membrane. The vesicle fuses with the cell membrane and releases the particle to the outside. 23. How do cells take in nutrients for growth and development? Through active and passive transport, including osmosis, diffusion, endocyctosis and exocytosis. 24. What is photosynthesis? Written explanation and equation. Photosynthesis makes glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water, which plant and animal cells use to make ATP. CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2 25. What is respiration? Written explanation and equation. Cellular respiration releases carbon dioxide and water from glucose and oxygen. C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O 26. What is Homeostasis? Why is it important? The maintenance of a constant internal state in a changing environment. Many chemical reactions keep an organism alive. These reactions can take place only when conditions are exactly right, so an organism must maintain stable internal conditions to survive. 27. Where does most energy in a food web come from? The sun 28. Label the following energy pyramid. Bottom level: Producers Middle level: 1st level consumers/herbivores Top level: 2nd level consumers/carnivores or omnivores 29. How much energy moves up to the next trophic level in an energy pyramid? 10% 30. Describe the tundra biome. Extremely cold and dry 31. Describe the tropical rain forest biome. Found near equator, warm, rainy 32. Describe the savannah biome. Moderate temperatures, rain enough for grass, small shrubs, and limited trees 33. Describe the temperate forest biome. (deciduous forest) Seasonal temp. variations, variety of plants and trees supported by amply rain fall. 34. Describe the desert biome. Hot days, cold nights, very little rain 35. Describe the tiaga biome. (Boreal or coniferous) Cold climate, dominated by conifer trees (needle like leaves) 36. Describe the mountain biome. Temp. drop as you go up a mountain allowing the mountain to support a variety of plants and animals. 37. Describe the freshwater biome. Ponds, lakes, rivers, and streams. Sunlight is very important. Algae is the major producer. 38. Describe the estuary biome. Shallow, sunlight water, plus a large supply of nutrients carried in by a river. Found where a river meets the ocean. Water is a mix of salt and fresh. 39. Describe the marine biome. Oceans and seas. Many different habitats. Habitats depend on the amount of sunlight. 40. What must cells do in order to grow and divide? Take in nutrients 41. Who are the top level consumers in this food web? Owl, fox, and hawk 42. Which organisms might suffer if the chipmunk was wiped out? Fox, owl, and hawk may have limited food supply 43. Which organisms are the producers in this food web? Tree and grass 44. All the owls in this ecosystem were killed by poachers. Pick out three organisms and explain how they would be affected. The hawk and fox would have less competition for food, and their populations may rise. The bird, chipmunk, and rabbit would have one less predator and their populations may also rise