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Download Review Notes - Biochemistry
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Transcript
1. Atom: The _SMALLEST__ functional unit of _MATTER__ Building Blocks of ELEMENTS Contains __PROTONS_ (+ charge), __NEUTRONS__ (no charge) and _ELECTRONS_ (- charge) Atomic Mass: __PROTONS__ + _NEUTRONS__ Atomic Number: _PROTONS__ Proton # = _ELECTRON #__ Atomic Notation: Element Symbol 12 Atomic Mass P +N C 6 In this case: The number of protons is: __6__ The number of electrons is: __6__ The number of neutrons is: __6__ Atomic Number P=E 2. Element: Made up of a single type of __ATOM____ Ex. Sheet of Gold = ELEMENT__ Important ones you should know: C: _CARBON__ Mg: Ca: __CALCIUM__ _MAGNESIUM Na: _SODIUM__ __ Cl: _CHLORINE__ N: H: __HYDROGEN__ S: _SULPHUR___ _NITROGEN__ K: 3. Molecule: _POTASSIUM_ When __2_ or more atoms join together chemically. _ AKA: ELEMENT MOLECULE__ P: Examples: Oxygen = O2, Nitrogen = N2, Hydrogen= H2 _PHOSPHORU 4. Compound: S__ combine O: When _TWO_ or more __ELEMENTS__ chemically Ex. H2O, NaCl, FeO2 5. Chemical Bonding: _OXYGEN__ I: _IODINE__ The _CONNECTION_ between 2 atoms Bond formation involves the _ELECTRONS_ that surround each atomic nucleus. Electron energy levels: 1st electron valence shell holds _2_ electrons 2nd electron valence shell holds _8_ electrons 3rd electron valence shell holds _8_ electrons The goal of all atoms is to have a _STABLE_ outer energy level. The goal leads to bonding of atoms. 2 types of bonding: 1. Ionic Bonding: When _1_ or more electrons are _TRANSFERRED_ from one atom to another. Ion: an atom with a_CHARGE_. When an electron is gained it will be _NEGATIVE_charged and when an electron is lost it will be _POSITIVE_ charged. 2. Covalent Bonding: When electrons are _SHARED_ by atoms. 5. Chemical Formula: Where each _ELEMENT_ is represented by its chemical _SYMBOL_ and the _NUMBER__ of atoms is shown in __SUBSCRIPTS__. Ex. H2O, CO2, CH4, C6H12O6 6. Structural Formula: Shows the chemical __SYMBOL__ of each __ELEMENT__ and how they are __BONDED_ to one another. Ex. Isopropyl Alcohol Ethylene 7. Chemical Change /Reactions: Whenever different substances are _FORMED_ a chemical change or __REACTION__ has _OCCURED__. Reactants: Substances that were present __BEFORE__ the chemical reaction. Products: The __NEW_ substances produced by the chemical _REACTION__. Ex. Reactants A + B C Products C A + B 7. Organic Compound: Must contain BOTH __CARBON_ and __HYDROGEN__ Ex. C6H12O6 8. Inorganic Compound: Do NOT contain _CARBON-HYDROGEN__ bonds Ex. HCl, NaOH Levels of Organization: Atom s Molec ules Large Organic Polymers Cell Organelles Cell s Tissue s Organs Organ Systems Organism Species Communities Ecosystems Biosphere Eart h Solar System Galaxy Universe
