* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download MS Word file
Genomic imprinting wikipedia , lookup
Pathogenomics wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
Cancer epigenetics wikipedia , lookup
Molecular cloning wikipedia , lookup
Oncogenomics wikipedia , lookup
DNA vaccination wikipedia , lookup
X-inactivation wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression profiling wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding DNA wikipedia , lookup
Primary transcript wikipedia , lookup
Genomic library wikipedia , lookup
Therapeutic gene modulation wikipedia , lookup
Cre-Lox recombination wikipedia , lookup
Biology and consumer behaviour wikipedia , lookup
Genome evolution wikipedia , lookup
Helitron (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Designer baby wikipedia , lookup
Genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Epigenetics of human development wikipedia , lookup
Polycomb Group Proteins and Cancer wikipedia , lookup
No-SCAR (Scarless Cas9 Assisted Recombineering) Genome Editing wikipedia , lookup
Genome editing wikipedia , lookup
Minimal genome wikipedia , lookup
Genome (book) wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Extrachromosomal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Site-specific recombinase technology wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
BSC 219 9/20/12 Bacterial and Viral Genetics 8.1 Genetic Analysis of Bacteria Requires Special Approaches and Methods Techniques for the Study of Bacteria Prototrophic – wild type Auxotrophic – mutant type Minimum medium: only required by prototrophic bacteria Complete medium: contain all substance required by all bacteria, including auxotrophic bacteria Mostly single, circular DNA molecule/chromosome Single copy of most genes No dominant or recessive Expressed or not Little to no space between genes No nucleus, so no separation of transcription and translation Extra chromosome, small circular DNA Episomes – plasmids / F (fertility) factor Horizontal Transfer Conjugation: Direct transfer via connection tube, one-way traffic from donor cells to recipient cells. It is not a reciprocal exchange of genetic information. F+ cells donor cells containing F factor F− cells recipient cells lacking F factor Sex Pilus – connection tube Hfr cells: (high-frequency strains) – donor cells with F factor integrated into the donor bacterial chromosome F prime (F′) cells: contain F plasmid carrying some bacterial genes Merozygotes: partial diploid bacterial cells containing F plasmid carrying some bacterial genes Mapping bacterial genes with interrupted Conjugation: Distances between genes are measured by the time required for DNA transfer from Hfr cells to F− cells. Natural Gene Transfer and Antibiotic Resistance Antibiotic resistance comes from the actions of genes located on R plasmids that can be transferred naturally. R plasmids have evolved in the past 60 years since the beginning of widespread use of antibiotics. The transfer of R plasmids is not restricted to bacteria of the same or even related species. Transformation: A bacterium takes up DNA from the medium. Recombination takes place between introduced genes and the bacterial chromosome. Competent cells: cells that take up DNA Transformants: cells that receive genetic material Cotransformed: cells that are transformed by two or more genes Bacterial Genome Sequences: 1 ~ 4 million base pairs of DNA Horizontal Gene Transfer: Genes can be passed between individual members of different species by nonreproductive mechanisms. Model Genetic Organism: The bacterium Esherichia coli Transduction: Bacterial viruses (bacteriophage) carry DNA from one bacterium to another. Transduction usually occurs between bacteria of the same or closely related species. Virus: Replicating structure (DNA/RNA) + protein coat Bacteriophage: bacterial infection viruses Virulent phages: reproduce through the lytic cycle, and always kill the host cells. Temperate phages: inactive prophage–phage DNA integrates into bacterial chromosomes. Transduction: using phage to map bacterial genes General transduction: any genes can be transferred Specialized transduction: only a few genes can be transferred Gene Mapping in Phages Retrovirus: RNA viruses that have been integrated into the host genome Reverse Transcriptase: synthesizing DNA from RNA or DNA template HIV and AIDS