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W15 UNIT TEST ANSWER KEY STANDARDS: Word Bank: population, proteins, altered, DNA, mutation, sequence, amino acids, variation, cells, genes, instructions, sexual reproduction BIO 5: The genetic composition of cells can be (1) ALTERED by incorporation of exogenous (2) DNA into the cells. BIO 4: (3) GENES are a set of instructions encoded in the DNA (4) SEQUENCE of each organism that specify the sequence of (5) AMINO ACIDS in proteins characteristic of that organism. BIO 2: Mutation and (6) SEXUAL REPRODUCTION lead to genetic (7) VARIATION in a population. VOCAB: Vocab Terms 8. “complementary” (FF) 9. monomer (A) 10. gene expression (KK) 11. polymer (W) 12. double helix (i) 13. nucleic acids (V) 14. recombinant DNA (M) 15. plasmid (DD) 16. restriction enzyme (K) 17. codon (O) 18. ribosomes (N) 19. mutations (J) 20. chromosomes (L) 21. genes (EE) 22. gametes (U) 23. diploid (CC) 24. haploid (GG) 25. homologous chromosomes (Q) 26. crossing over (R) 27. spermatogonia (BB) 28. oogonia (LL) 29. zygote (ii) 30. Mendel (X) 31. Genetics (B) 32. Inheritance (C) 33. Genotype (D) 34. Phenotype (E) 35. Dominant (F) 36. Recessive (Y) 37. Homozygous (Z) 38. Heterozygous (AA) 39. Allele (H) 40. Progeny (P) Definitions a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. m. n. o. p. q. r. s. t. u. v. w. x. y. z. aa. bb. cc. dd. ee. ff. gg. hh. ii. jj. kk. ll. A repeating component of a polymer The study of inheritence of traits What is passed on to the next generation The type of genes you have The external trait or result of the genotype Stronger trait, only need to have one copy The information storage of a cell Version of a type of gene The twisted stairway shape of DNA Permanent change in the DNA, through alteration of sequences Enzyme used to cut DNA Long pieces of DNA which contains genes DNA from two different species, recombined for a purpose Manufactures proteins using mRNA and tRNA Three nitrogen bases together, code for an amino acid Science term for offspring or “kids” Matching chromosomes, based on length, color when stained, and type of genes they contain A stage early in meiosis when parts of chromosomes are swapped between homologous chromosomes The temporary “copy” of information, used for making proteins A string of amino acid monomers, does the work of the cell Sex cells, produced through meiosis Acids composed of nucleotides, DNA and RNA are examples A string of a bunch of the same thing, monomers The father of genetics Weaker trait, is covered by stronger traits Having two of the same alleles for a given gene type Have two different alleles for a given gene type The sexual organs where the male gametes are produced Having 2n chromosomes, each has a homologous pair Circular piece of DNA used in DNA technology A short region of DNA which contains instructions for making a protein When a nitrogen base matches another Having n chromosomes, half the normal number of chromosomes The monomer which is used the make protein polymers A fertilized egg The original DNA which is copied The turning on and off of certain genes, for different functions of cells The sexual organs where the female gametes are produced CONCEPTS AND SKILLS: GENERAL STRUCTURE DNA/RNA: 41 What is the monomer of DNA/RNA called? NUCLEOTIDE 42 Each nucleotide has three parts (subunits): B,C,F a. six-carbon hexose sugar b. five-carbon pentose sugar c. phosphate d. carbonate e. phosphorus base f. nitrogen base 43 DNA Backbone: If you have a sugar subunit, what is the next subunit? PHOSPHATE 44 Match: TTTCCAG DNA and RNA DIFFERENCES: Write D for DNA, R for RNA 45 (D) Comes in one type only 46 (R) Aids in protein-making in cell 47 (R) Single-stranded 48 (R) Comes in three types 49 (D) Has deoxyribose 50 (R) Has ribose 51 (R) Sequence: AGGGUUC 52 (D) Double-stranded 53 (D) Information storage 54 (D) Double Helix 55 (D) Sequence: ATTTGGC 56 (R) Temporary copies PROTEIN STRUCTURE/ PROTEIN FUNCTION: 57 What is the monomer of proteins called? AMINO ACID 58 HORMONES, TRANSPORT, ANTIBODIES, CELL FUNCTIONS STEPS OF DNA REPLICATION: 59 Put the following steps in order: A,C,B,D a. Enzymes unzip the DNA to separate the two parent strands. b. Each parent strand acts as a template to form a complementary daughter strand. c. The DNA strands unwind and are replicated as the replication bubble expands, and the two “replication forks” move in opposite directions. d. A newly copied piece of DNA, half parental and half daughter, is formed. CENTRAL DOGMA OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY: 60 DNA --> mRNA --> ribosomes + tRNA --> proteins STEPS OF TRANSCRIPTION: 61 Put the following steps in order: A,C,B a. A section of DNA is transcribed. b. RNA goes to the cytoplasm. c. Only one side of the DNA is copied. STEPS OF TRANSLATION: 62 Put the following steps in order: C,A,D,B,E a. Amino acids are bonded to tRNAs, hang out near ribosomes. b. As each amino acid “read,” an amino acid “chain” or protein forms. c. mRNA copy of gene, goes to the cytoplasm and ribosomes. d. As a ribosome moves along the mRNA, mRNA codon, is paired with the anticodon of the matching tRNA e. Protein are 50 to 3,000 amino acids in length; structure determines function. STEPS OF GENETIC ENGINEERING: 63 List two human applications of genetic engineering: MEDICINES, HORMONES 64 List two agricultural applications of genetic engineering: INCREASE PRODUCTIVITY, SURVIVE HARSH ENVIRONMENTS, INCREASE RESISTANCE TO DISEASE 65 Put the following steps in order: A,C,D,B a. An important genes is “cut out” using restriction enzymes, and the gene is amplified either by cloning or by polymerase chain reactions. b. Recombinant cells are then grown, and their products are extracted from the cells (or from the medium) and purified. c. Plasmid/vector is cut, then gene is inserted and ligated in. d. Plasmid/vector is transformed into host cell. CAUSES/EFFECTS OF MUTATIONS: 66 Which type of mutation is passed on to the next generation: GERMLINE MEIOSIS AND SEXUAL REPRODUCTION: 67. Meiosis produces HAPLOID gametes. 68. Meiosis has TWO number of divisions. 69. Meiosis ends up with FOUR number of cells. 70. Put the following steps of mitosis in order: (C,D,B,A) a. Telophase b. Anaphase c. Prophase d. Metaphase 71. Put the following steps of meiosis in order: (A,B,F,E,G,H,D,C) a. Prophase 1 e. Telophase 1 b. Metaphase 1 f. Anaphase 1 c. Telophase 2 g. Prophase 2 d. Anaphase 2 h. Metaphase 2 72. During what part of meiosis does crossing over occur? PROPHASE 1 73. How does crossing over increase variation in humans? EVERY SEX CELL UNIQUE 74. SEX CELL PRODUCED: Males produce SPERM and females produce EGGS 75. In males, FOUR number of cells go on to make sperm cells. 76. In females, ONE number of cells go to make egg cells. 77. Difference between haploid and diploid cells? HAPLOID IS HALF DIPLOID NUMBER 78. Are your liver cells diploid or haploid? DIPLOID 79. Are your gametes diploid or haploid? HAPLOID 80. Explain your answer: HALF PLUS HALF MAKES A WHOLE INDIVIDUAL CHROMOSOMES AND SEX (MALE/FEMALE): 81 T/F: The normal human somatic cell contains 46 chromosomes. TRUE 82 How many types of chromosomes are there in a human cell? 23 83 How many non-sex chromosomes are there? 44 84 How many chromosomes do you get from each parent? 23 85 Write the combination of sex chromosomes for a man. XY 86 Write the combination of sex chromosomes for a woman. XX BASIC GENETICS: Using the data table below, fill in the missing information in the second table. Squash Bunnies Watermelons Dominant trait W (yellow) B (black fur) G (green) Recessive trait w (white) b (white fur) g (striped) Dominant trait S (sour) C (cute nose) S (seeds) Recessive trait s (sweet) c (ugly nose) s (no seeds) Organism Squash Bunnies Bunnies Watermelon Gene Combination Ww BB 91 Cc ss Genotype 87 Het. Dom. 89 Hom. Dom. HET. DOM. 93 Hom. Rec. Phenotype 88 Yellow 90 Black fur 92 Cute nose 94 No seeds PUNNETT SQUARES and PROBABILITY: Using the information in the data table above, do the following problems. 95 Using a Punnett Square, show the possible progeny of a cross between a heterozygous dominant black-haired bunny, and a homozygous recessive white-haired bunny. b b B Bb Bb b bb bb 96 For the previous cross, what fraction of the progeny will be white-haired? HALF 97 For the previous cross, what fraction of the progeny will be black-haired? HALF 98 Using a Punnett Square, show the possible progeny of a cross between a heterozygous dominant green watermelon, and a heterozygous dominant green watermelon. G g G GG Gg g Gg gg 99 For the previous cross, what fraction of the progeny will be green? THREE FOURTHS 100 For the previous cross, what fraction of the progeny will be striped? ONE FOURTH EXTRA CREDIT: (+2 to score) A Could a person ever have ONLY 2 Y chromosomes? Explain with a diagram AND Punnett square. WOULD HAVE TO GET A Y FROM EACH PARENT – NOT POSSIBLE AS WOMAN CAN ONLY OFFER X. X X B C X XX XX Y XY XY Using the table above, what are the possible genotypes for a black-haired, cute-nosed bunny? BBCC, BbCC, BBCc, BbCc Using a Punnett square, show the possible progeny of a cross between a heterozygous dominant (for both traits) black-haired, cute-nosed bunny, and a white-haired, ugly-nosed bunny. List all the possible genotypes and phenotypes of the possible progeny. bc bc bc bc BC BbCc black, cute Bc Bbcc black, ugly bC bbCc white, cute bc bbcc white, ugly