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Cells ORGANIZING GENETIC MATERIAL ****Revision for next year: Divide into two lessons: 1) nuclear organization of genes vs. chromosomes vs. chromatids 2) chromosome analysis for autosomes, sex chromosomes, homologous pairs, alleles Aims: Describe structure of nucleus Explain the relationship between chromatin, chromosomes, genes and DNA Analyze patterns in chromosome arrangement Agenda: Debrief diagram Demos Poll Genie in a bottle Debrief Extension Engage Show messy vs. organized backpack. What are the advantages to an organized backpack? Discuss the battle for students to keep their information organized. Then tell students that a cell has an even tougher job in organizing its information – DNA. Show a piece of string that is 2 meters (6 feet) long and represents the length of DNA in each of your cells (add that it’s made of 6 billion base pairs and if the DNA in all trillion of your cells were stretched out, it would stretch from earth to sun and ¾ way back). How does that much DNA fit into a cell and how does all that information stay organized? Elicit ideas and restate the essential question of this lesson: How does the nucleus organize genetic material and win the battle against chaos? Explain Slide show of various diagrams of genetic organization to distinguish genes, chromosomes, chromatids Debrief Do Now under doc cam How is this diagram a simplification of the nucleus? What do the arrows/lines mean this time? How did the chromosome double to make two chromatids? Boxes within boxes to illustrate relative sizes Demo 1: Show spool of thread for DNA coiling around proteins. How does this represent genetic material? Demo 2: Bioflix video for chromatin, histones, DNA. How is chromatin different from chromosomes? Demo 3: Uncoil ball of yarn and separate out into individual pieces to further distinguish chromatin Poll to check for understanding Students watch chromosome animation when done Explore Give students baggie of chromosomes How do these components represent a human cell? Elicit that bag represents cell, board nucleus and jumble of magnets is chromosomes Students condense chromatin into chromosomes and organize them Students write patterns observed and method of organization Explain Elicit that chromosomes occur in pairs known as homologous chromosomes Elicit that humans have 23 pairs for a total of 46 Show slide of homologous pair to elicit that there are two genes for each trait – known as alleles Explain terms for autosomes, sex chromosomes Use karyotypes of pig, dog, mouse to practice identifying autosomes and sex chromosomes Extend Diagrams (if needed) Karyotype Open-ended Exit Slip: MC questions Homework: Annotation on cell reproduction (8.1-8.3) ORGANIZING GENETIC MATERIAL Cells Do Now 1. Study the diagrams below and annotate with additional information. Gene 2. Use the diagrams above to determine whether the following statements are true or false. Chromosomes are found in the nucleus of a cell. A cell contains more genes than chromosomes. Genes are made of chromosomes which are made of DNA. A gene contains the instructions for building a protein. Chromosomes are copies of chromatids. For every centromere there are two chromatids. 3. What questions do you have about this diagram and the information it shows? Cells ORGANIZING GENETIC MATERIAL Chromosome Chaos 1. How do the bag, whiteboard and the magnets represent a human cell? 2. Work with your partner to organize the chromosomes. Describe any patterns you observe. 3. Explain your method of organization and be prepared to share with the class. Extension 1. Show how genetic information is organized by putting each term in the correct circle: gene, cell, chromatin, nucleus, chromosome, nucleotide, DNA. 2. Label the diagram using these possible terms: bases, nucleus, gene, chromosome, DNA, cell Cells ORGANIZING GENETIC MATERIAL 3. Each diagram below is a karyotype, a photo of the contents of the nucleus of a cell. In each karyotype, CIRCLE two alleles for a particular trait, BOX one homologous pair of autosomes, draw an ARROW to the sex chromosomes, determine if the organism is HUMAN and MALE or FEMALE and provide EVIDENCE. 4. Explain the relationship between genes, chromatin, chromosomes and DNA. 5. How it is possible for 2 feet of DNA to fit inside each of your cells. 6. Predict how your cell would be affected if the proteins in your nucleus denatured. 7. A scientific study found that in human blood cells, the length of telomeres ranges from 8,000 base pairs at birth to 3,000 base pairs as people age and as low as 1,500 in elderly people. Another recent study divided people into two groups based on telomere lengths and found that the people with longer telomeres lived five years longer than those with shorter telomeres. A related study found that in people older than 60, those with shorter telomeres were three times more likely to die from heart disease and eight times more likely to die from infectious disease. Draw two conclusions based on these studies and provide evidence. Cells Exit Slip ORGANIZING GENETIC MATERIAL Cells ORGANIZING GENETIC MATERIAL Block 1 Agenda Joke Teach allele via Do Now diagram Model chromosomes with beads or plastic Review genetic organization with slide show Extension questions #4-7 Chromosome analysis Model with boards and magnets a haploid/diploid cell with n=x Poll Extension questions Exit Slip Block 2/3 Agenda Joke Teach allele via Do Now diagram Model chromosomes with beads or plastic Chromosome Chaos Extension questions #3 Chromosome analysis Model with boards and magnets a haploid/diploid cell with n=x Poll Extension questions Exit Slip ORGANIZING GENETIC MATERIAL Cells Do Now 1. Label the diagram below and annotate it with inferences. 2. A particularly insightful 11th grade Biology student created the following analogy to explain how genetic information is organized. Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the analogy. cell: locker nucleus: backpack binder: chromosomes paper: genes text: DNA letters of text: nucleotides Modeling Homologous Chromosomes 1. Use the materials at your table to model each of the following: One homologous pair of chromosomes Two sets of alleles on that homologous pair Sister chromatids of the homologous pair Centromere 2. Explain how your model represents these components, and be prepared to present. ORGANIZING GENETIC MATERIAL Cells Chromosome Analysis The karyotypes below show the contents of the nucleus of two different cells. Study and annotate the diagrams below using outside knowledge and inferences. Extension 1. Determine the haploid number or diploid number for each species in the table below. Common Name Genus and Species Diploid Number Buffalo Bison bison Cat Felis catus Dog Canis familiaris 78 Goat Capra hircus 60 Horse Equus caballus Human Homo sapiens Sheep Ovis aries Haploid Chromosome Number 60 19 32 46 27 2. Identify each cell as a haploid or diploid and gamete or somatic. Then provide evidence. A. B. C. D. ORGANIZING GENETIC MATERIAL Cells Exit Slip 1. Which of the following CORRECTLY describes how genetic information is organized in the cell? A. A protein contains the coded information for building a gene B. A nucleus contains genes which are made of chromosomes C. Chromosomes condense into tightly coiled rod-shaped bodies call chromatin. E. Chromosomes occur in homologous pairs. F. There are usually three versions or alleles of each gene. 2. Which of the following does NOT describe how genetic information is organized in the cell? A. A gene contains the coded information for building a protein B. A nucleus contains chromosomes which are made of genes C. The sequence of bases in DNA determines the sequence of amino acids in protein D. DNA is a single-stranded helix containing the bases A, U, C and G 1. A chromosome is best described as a a. gene that has more than one form. b. green cell found in many plants. c. strand of DNA containing genetic information. d. reproductive cell found in certain kinds of bacteria. 2. What is the relationship between the three structures in the diagram? a. DNA is produced by protein which is produced in the cell b. Protein is made of DNA which is produced in the cell c. DNA contains the instructions for protein production in the cell d. A cell is composed of only DNA and protein 5. The diagram at the right shows the process of protein synthesis. Which of the following is true of this process? A. Transcription produces DNA B. Translation occurs in the nucleus C. RNA is produced at the ribosome D. RNA acts as a messenger for DNA Cells ORGANIZING GENETIC MATERIAL Notes Genetic information is found in the cell’s ______________ which is enclosed by a _______________ __________________ full of _____________ or openings. Inside the nucleus is _________________, a tangled mass of ______ and proteins. The chromatin can coil up into distinct, rod-shaped bodies called _______________________. These are made of smaller units called ________________. Each gene is made of hundreds or thousands of _______________________ The sequence of nucleotide bases in a gene determines the instructions for building a _______________. _____________________ chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes with similar ________, ________ and _____________ information. Organisms usually have ________ versions of each gene, one located on each homologous chromosome. Humans have ________ pairs of chromosomes for a total of ____. In humans, chromosome pairs #1-22 are _____________________ while pair #23 is the _____ chromosomes. Males have ________ and females have ________. Cells ORGANIZING GENETIC MATERIAL Genie in a Bottle Directions: Each pipe cleaner piece in your bag represents a chromosome. Remove the chromosomes from the baggie. Then sort or arrange them in a way that makes sense to you. Check with your teacher before answering the questions below. 1. What does the baggie represent? Hint: where chromosomes would be found… 2. Describe how you sorted your chromosomes. 3. Explain why you sorted your chromosomes the way you did.