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Transcript
Ch. 7 A View of the Cell 7.1 The Discovery of Cells – in the mid ________, Anton van Leeuwenhoek looked at the ______ cells. He looked at bacteria in his teeth (plaque), his blood cells and pond water (and saw “animalcules”). A. The History of the Cell Theory - ___________ microscopes, people believed diseases were caused by evil spirits. Many other superstitions help explain unseen phenomena. The invention of the microscope helped to discover ____________________ and paved the way for modern science. 1). Development of light microscopes- Dutch scientist Anton van Leeuwenhoek (about 1650) developed the first simple light microscope. It contained _____ lens and used natural light. a. ________________________________ – use a series of lenses of magnify objects (1500x) 2). The Cell Theory - Robert Hooke (1650’s) used a compound light microscope to study ___________, the dead cells of oak bark. Cells are the basic unit of life. Mattias Schleiden (1830’s) concluded that all plants are composed of ____________ _. Theodore Schwann concluded that all ____________ __ are composed of cells. a). __________________: 1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells 2. The cell is the basic unit of life 3. All cells come from preexisting cells 3). Development (1940’s) of ______________________________________ – uses a beam of electrons instead of natural light to magnify structures up to 500,000 x’s 1. The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) – scans the ____________ of an object for a three dimensional image (60,000x 1. The Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) – can see objects within the _____________ (over 100,000 x) 2. The Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) – uses the flow of electrons to investigate ____________ on the surface of a molecule. B. Two Basic Cell Types 1. ____________ – Cells with NO nucleus or membrane-bound structures (ex: bacteria) 2. ____________ – Cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (plants, animals, fungi and protests) a). ____________ – membrane-bound structures within eukaryotic cells b____________ – the “control center”, or manager, of the cell 7.2 The Plasma Membrane A). Maintaining a Balance – living things must maintain homeostasis w/ their surroundings 1). Why cells must control materials- Cells need ____________ like glucose, amino acids, and lipids. These materials must enter and exit the cell somehow. a). ____________ ____________ – a boundary between the cell and its environment. Allows material in (ex: nutrients) and out (ex: wastes) of the cell. b). ____________________ – interstitial fluid that holds cell contents c). ____________________ – the process of maintaining a balance with internal and external conditions d). ____________________ ____________________ – a process that allows some molecules into the cell while keeping others out (ex: a pasta strainer) B). Structure of the Plasma Membrane a. ____________________ – lipids with a phosphate group attached to them 1). Makeup of the phospholipid protein bilayer – the membrane is composed of hydrophilic (water loving) phosphate heads and hydrophobic (water fearing) lipid tails. Channel proteins serves as ______ that allow material in /out of the cell. 2. _______ _ _________ ______ – phospholipids move through the membrane while proteins create a “mosaic” pattern. 3). Other components of the plasma membrane a). Cholesterol helps stabilize the phospholipids b). ______________ ___________________ – allow needed substances or waste material to move through the plasma membrane 7.3 Eukaryotic Cell Stucture A. Cellular Boundaries- the cell membrane protects the cell 1. _____________ _______ – a rigid, cellulose structure located outside the plasma membrane that provides support and protection (ex: plant cells) a). Nucleus and cell control – the nucleus contains many structures, such as: b). ______________- strands of DNA 2. ____________________ – makes ____________________ which assembles proteins 3. ________________________ – Membrane that allows material in and out of the nucleus B. Assembly, Transport, and Storage 1. Structures for assembly and transport of proteins a). ____________________ ____________________ – transports proteins 1). ____________________ – contains ribosomes 2). ____________________ - no ribosomes b). ____________________ ____________________ -assemble complex proteins c). ____________________ – store material: food, proteins, water, and waste d). ____________________ – contain digestive enzymes which destroy damaged parts of the cell C. Energy Transformers 3. ____________________ – plant structure a). ____________________ - capture light energy (photosynthesis) and produce food i). ____________________ – green chemical that traps light energy b). ____________________ – control pigment in plants c). ____________________ – store starch 4. ____________________ – “powerhouse” of the cell, makes energy C. Structures for Support and Locomotion 1. ____________________ – a cell framework of tiny rods and filaments 2. Cellular support a). ____________________ – thin, hollow protein tubes b). ____________________ – thin, solid protein fibers 2. Cell division a). ____________________ – use spindle fibers to pull the cell apart during replication 3. ____________________ – short, hairlike projections that move in a wavelike motion. Used for locomotion. Ex: paramecium 4. ____________________ – longer, whiplike projections. Used for locomotion. Ex: Euglena