* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download 11-1 The Work of Mendel
Polycomb Group Proteins and Cancer wikipedia , lookup
Genetic drift wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Essential gene wikipedia , lookup
Genome evolution wikipedia , lookup
Genetically modified crops wikipedia , lookup
Heritability of IQ wikipedia , lookup
Population genetics wikipedia , lookup
Medical genetics wikipedia , lookup
Hardy–Weinberg principle wikipedia , lookup
Behavioural genetics wikipedia , lookup
Ridge (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Genomic imprinting wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression profiling wikipedia , lookup
Minimal genome wikipedia , lookup
Epigenetics of human development wikipedia , lookup
Genome (book) wikipedia , lookup
Designer baby wikipedia , lookup
Biology and consumer behaviour wikipedia , lookup
History of genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Microevolution wikipedia , lookup
Sex-limited genes wikipedia , lookup
Chapter 11: Introduction to Genetics 11-1 The Work of Mendel • What does every living thing inherit from their parents? • Genetics – __________________________________________________ Look around at your classmates and make a list of some of the traits that are inherited. _______________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ What did Mendel already knew … • • • • Each flower produces ____________ and _____________ Cross fertilization (sexual) – ___________________________________ Self-pollination (asexual) – ____________________________________ Mendel’s pea plants were __________________________ – A tall plant with green seeds would produce a ____________________________ Genes, Alleles and Dominance • Trait – _____________________________________________________ – Mendel studied 7 different pea plant traits • What are some examples? _________________________________________ Genes, Alleles and Dominance ____________ – the chemical factors that determine traits (the segment of DNA) ex. pea plant: height different forms of a gene from each parent ex. pea plants: tall and short (T or t) _______________ – Principle of Dominance • Principle of dominance: ______________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ • Dominant allele – ____________________________________________ – Capital letter (T=tall) • Recessive allele – ____________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ – Lower case letter (t=short) • Heterozygous – _____________________________________________ • ______________________ for that trait • Ex: Tt • Homozygous – ______________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ • ____________________ for a particular trait • Ex: TT or tt • Phenotype – __________________________ • Ex: ____________________________________ • Genotype – ___________________________ • Ex: _____________________________________ • Tall plants have the same ______________ (tall), but not the same ________________ (TT or Tt) • Why are TT and Tt genotypes for tallness, but tt is not??? 11-2 Probability and Punnett Squares •Mendel realized…the principles of ______________ could be used to explain the results of genetic crosses. Genetics and Probability • Probability – ________________________________________________ • Ex: probability of flipping a coin to heads = ½ or _____% • Probability of head 3 times in a row = ½ x ½ x ½ = _____ • The ________ the number or trials, the closer to the expected ratio • _______ outcomes do not affect _______ outcomes • Alleles segregate randomly (like a coin) Principle of Segregation • Segregation = _____________________ • The alleles for tall vs. short separate during the formation of __________________ – sex cells • Each gamete carries ________________________ The Two-factor Cross: F1 • ____ alleles (2 genes) at the same time • Provides the __________ plants (F2 generation) • Crossed a homozygous ________ (round yellow peas) with a homozygous________ (wrinkled, green peas) 11.3 Beyond Dominant and Recessive - Other Patterns of Inheritance Genes can act in various ways • Dominant vs. Recessive – ____________________________________ • Incomplete Dominance • Definition : _____________________________________________________ Ex: flowers – white x red flowers = _________ flowers • Codominance • Definition: _______________________________________________________ Ex: chicken feather – black and white alleles = __________________________ Colors don’t _________ like incomplete dominance •Multiple Alleles • Definition: __________________ _____________________________ • (more than 2 alleles exist in a population not an individual) Ex: rabbit’s coat color Ex: human’s _______________ • Polygenic Traits • Definition: _______________________________________________ Ex: fruit fly red eyes ____________________________________________ • Diff. combo of genes produce different eye colors Ex: Human _______ color – more than 4 different genes Human ________ – more than 50 genes 11.3 Genetics and the Environment • Genes provide a plan for development, but how the plan unfolds also depends on the environment: • Ex. Butterflies have different wing colors depending on ___________ _______________ • Ex. Hydrangea flowers are different colors depending on __________