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Questions on Muscular System I – Define - motor unit - all –or- none law - muscle twitches - fused or complete tetanus - muscle fatigue - oxygen dept - isotonic contraction - isometric contraction - muscle tone - aerobic exercise - resistance exercise II- Mention in short -types of muscles and characters of each - functions of tendons - functions of muscles - ways of producing graded muscle contraction - methods of regenerating ATP during muscle activity,its energy source, need for oxygen, its products and duration of energy provision. - causes of muscle fatigue - types of muscle contractions - the 5 golden rules of skeletal muscle activity - the most common types of body movement and what does each mean - special movements in the Foot and Hand - criteria used for Naming skeletal muscles - muscles of mastication - muscles may be used for injection - muscles of abdominal girdle III- Complete - the essential functions of muscles is -------the ----------------attaches skeletal muscles directly to bone nearly three-quarters of energy of contraction escapes as ---------skeletal muscles accounts for at least-----------of body mass the tiny contractile unit of muscle is called-----------muscle proteins are--------------and--------------thin filaments are composed of protein called---------------the arrangement of the --------------produce the striation in skeletal muscles the junction between axonal terminal and sarcolemma is called---------the gap between nerve ending and sarcolemma is called-----------------the axonal terminal contains vesicles filled with--------------------,in neuromuscular junction it is ---------------if enough ACh. is released, muscle membrane become permeable to -----------inward rush of sodium generates an electric current called an ------------ACh. is broken down by ----------------------Examples of aerobic exercise are -------------------------and ----------------------exercise result in stronger, more flexible muscle with great resistance to fatigue ----------------exercise results in enlargement of muscle cell 1 to - muscle attachment to the movable bone is called-----------------while attachment less movable bone is called-------------------combination of flexion, extention, abduction and adduction is called---------------circumduction is commonly seen in -------------------joints the muscle responsible for a particular movement is called---------------while the muscle that opposes or reverse the movement is called------------- the muscle that raise the eyebrows is called---------------------while that closes the mouth is called------------------- when both -------------------muscles contract neck is flexed, but if one only ,the head is rotated toward the------------------ muscles between the ribs are called ----------------------,the external are used for----------------------while the internal are used for---------------------- elbow flexion is caused by-------------------while extention is caused by-------------- the group of muscles that extend the knee is called------------- toe dancer.s muscle is--------------------,it is inserted in the ----------------through --------------tendon - without exercise, muscles will------------------but with vigorous exercise, they ----- flexion is opposite to------------------------- abduction is opposite to---------------------------- movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis is called-------------------- movement of a limb away from midline is called---------------- continuous partial muscle contraction is called--------------- the ability of muscle to receive a stimulus is called -------------while its ability yo shorten is called------------------- the large muscle that covers the upper part of the chest is called------------------ the muscles forming the mass of muscles of the posterior thigh is called------------while those of anterior thigh is called--------------- the very safe site for intramuscular injection is ------------------ examples of muscles with more than one origen are------------------ IV- put True or False - In isometric contraction, the muscle shortens - Bending the knees is an example of isotonic contraction - axonal terminal never touch muscle cell membrane - tendons are mostly tough collagenic fibers - muscle contraction is vital for maintaining normal body temperature - without nerve stimulation, no muscle contraction occur - once begun, the action potential is unstoppable - one nerve impulse produce only one contraction - muscle cell relaxes until stimulated by another round of ACh. - all-or-none law applies to the whole muscle - contraction become stronger and smoother due to successive (summed) contraction - strength of contraction depends on the number of muscle fibers stimulated - muscles store of ATP is very limited - ATP is the only energy source of muscle activity - oxygen dept must be paid back weather or not fatigue occurs - aerobic exercise does not cause much increase in muscle size - rectus means straight - resistance exercise leads to increase in number of muscle fibers - kicking of football is done by contraction of -------------------2 Table A ( )-Quadreseps ( )-Gluteus medius ( )-Biceps brachii ( )-Sternocledomastoid ( )-Maseter Table B a-proper site for injection b-prime mover for elbow flexion c-one muscle for mastication d-flex the head e-extends the knee f- toe –dancer muscle Questions on the Nervous system I-Define - propriceptors - irritability - conductivity - polarized membrane - cranial nerve - spinal nerve - acetylcholine - vagus nerve II- Mention in short - the three overlapping functions of the nervous system - the very important system in homeostasis - structural classification of nervous system - functional classification of nervous system - classification of the motor nervous system - the two principle types of nerve cells and function of each - common structure of neuron - the complex receptors - the simple receptors - structural classification of neurons - the lobes of cerebral hemisphere - importance of central sulcus as anatomical landmark - parts of brain stem - structures that control CNS from outside to inside - types of meninges - centers present in medulla oblongata - the names of spinal nerve plexuses - differences between somatic and autonomic nervous systems - body structures that receive only sympathetic fibers - organs supplied by ANS III- Complete - the master controlling and communicating system is---------------- the second system important in body homeostasis - the nerve fibers that convey impulses from sensory receptors to CNS is called -----------while that carry it from CNC to effector organs called-------------------- the effector organs in our body are-----------------------and---------------- nervous system under voluntary control is called--------------while that involuntary is called------------------- ANS is subdivided into -------------------------and---------------------3 - supporting cells in CNS are called----------- the nerve cell that carry impulses is called------------ the cell body of neuron contains the usual organelles except----------------- neuron processes that convey messages toward thje cell body are called-------------while that conduct it away from cell body are------------ all axons branch at their terminal end to form ------------------,these contain vesicles that contain chemicals called------------- the axonal terminal is separated from the next neuron by a tiny gap called---------- the whitish, fatty material that covers long nerve fibers is called---------------- axons outside the CNS are myelinated by ------------------cells - clusters of cell bodies in CNS is called------------ while that outside it called----------- neuron processes running in CNS are called--------------while that outside it called-- the CNS is composed of-------------and-------------- white matter consists of --------------------while grey matter of-----------------and------- cell bodies of afferent and association neurons are always found in------------- the two major functions of neurons are------------------and-------------- when the inside of neuron is more positive and the outside is less positive ,the case is called------------------- adequate stimulation of neuron opens the ------------ in its membrane - reflexes that regulate involuntary muscles and glands are called----------while those stimulate skeletal muscles are called------------- the first appearance of nervous system is called----------------- ,its anterior end begins to expand at the ----------week - the central canal of the neural tube enlarges in four regions of the brain called----- elevated ridges on brain surface are called------ while depressions are called------- the cerebral hemispheres are separated by deep fissure called----------------- the relay station for sensory impulses in the brain is called ------------------ the--------------------hangs from the anterior floor of hypothalamus - the ----------------------are knots of capillaries within each ventricle, it forms CSF - the ---------------plays a role in consciousness and the awake/sleep cycles - the--------------controls balance and equilibrium - CSF returns to the blood through ------------------------- the most inferior part of the brain stem is called----------------- the number of spinal nerves is-----------------pairs -the collection of spinal nerves at the inferior end of vertebral canal is called---------- the best site for GSF tapping is below------------------- spinal nerve is formed by fusion of ------------------------------- spinal nerve ,after being formed, divides into ---------------------- the only cranial nerve that extends to thorax and abdomen is----------- most cranial nerves are ---------------,there are three pure sensory , they are --------- the external eye muscles are supplied by cranial nerves ----------------------------- muscles of facial expression are supplied by------------- the ventral rami of some spinal nerves form network of nerves called---------- the outermost layer of meninges is------------------- the spinal cord extends from----------------to------------------lumber vertebra - the motor subdivision of the PNS that controls activities automatically is called--- the autonomic nervous system is subdivided into --------------------------- the sympathetic division is also called-----------------while parasympathetic is called--- fight –or- flight system is -----------------------while house keeping is------------- the first cranial nerve is---------------while the seventh is------------4 - the second cranial nerve is ------------------while the VIII is-------------- IV- Put True or False - myelin increases the transmission rate of impulses - cell bodies of afferent neurons are always found in ganglia outside CNS - the plasma membrane in inactive neuron is polarized - the nerve impulse is all-or-none response - until repolarization occurs, a neuron cannot conduct another impulse - transmission of an impulse is only electrical event - some reflexes involve only spinal cord - some reflexes involve the brain - grey matter in the brain is deep - the ANS is also called involuntary nervous system - CSF is continuously moving - the fourth ventricle of the brain is continuous with the central canal of spinal cord - the blood-brain barrier is the least permeable capillaries in the body - meningeal covering do not end at L2 - there is no possibility of damaging the cord below L3 - the central canal of spinal cord contains CSF - grey matter of spinal cord surrounds the central canal - cranial nerves primarily serves head and neck - spinal nerve and both rami are mixed nerves - the arms of ANS serve the same organ but has opposite effects - the parasympathetic fibers are cholinergic - sympathetic fibers are adrenergic - the last area of the brain to mature is hypothalamus - neurons die throughout life are not replaced - brain growth ends in young adults - maternal and environmental factors may impair embryonic brain development IV-Match table A with table B Table A( )-thalamus Table 1-control balance and equilibrium ( )-hypothalamus 2-plays a role in the awake/sleep cycles ( )-brain stem 3-crude recognition of sensation ( )-cerebellum 4-plays a role in temperature regulation ( )-postcentral gyrus 5-primary motor area 6-primary sensory area TableA ( )-olfactory TableB1-extends to thorax and abdomen ( )-oculomotor 2-purely sensory ( )-facial 3-supplies muscles of facial expression ( )-vagus 4-branch of cervical plexus ( )-phrenic 5-supplies eye muscles 6-spinal nerve TableA Table B ( )-Olfactory nerve a-activates facial muscles ( )-Vagus b-first cranial nerve ( )-Trigeminal c-nerve of hearing and equilibrium ( )-Vestibulococlear d-supplies thoracic and abdominal viscera ( )-Facial e-fifth cranial nerve f-motor nerve for the tongue 5 6