Download 118exam2a-fall2011

Biology 118 - Exam 2
Oct. 26, 2011 - Version A
Mark your name, ID number & test version (A, B, C, D...) on your answer sheet.
You can keep this list of exam questions. You may write on it if you wish.
This form will be the only way you will know what answers you marked on the scantron.
Each question has only 1 correct answer. Indicate your choice on the answer sheet - scantron.
If you need clarification for a question, raise your hand & stay in your seat. I will come to you.
If you are stumped by a question, place a mark by it, and return to it later.
Ach = acetylcholine
BBB = blood-brain barrier
Ca+2 = calcium ions
CNS = central nervous system
CSF = cerebrospinal fluid
Cl- = chloride ion
K+ = potassium ion
Na+ = sodium ion
NE = norepinephrine, noradrenalin
PNS = peripheral nervous system
SR = sarcoplasmic reticulum
VO2 max = maximum oxygen consumption
1.
Which connective tissue has the richest bloods supply & thus a faster repair rate than the rest?
a. Bone *
b. Cartilage
c. Tendon
d. Ligament
2.
The osteoblasts secrete _____ in order to form bone tissue.
a. collagen protein
b. minerals (eg. calcium phosphates)
c. both collagen & minerals *
d. neither collagen nor minerals
3.
The thyroid gland secretes ________ when plasma calcium is high.
a. estrogen
b. calcitonin *
c. PTH
d. growth hormone
4.
In graph E, PTH levels increase rapidly when the active form of Vitamin D [(25 (OH) D] is _______ nmol/l. These levels of Vitamin D
can lead to ________ bone density.
a. > 140 - decreased
b. > 120 - increased
c. < 75 - increased
d. < 50 - decreased *
5.
What can a young adult do to decrease her risk of developing osteoporosis later in life?
a. Limit alcohol intake.
b. Eat a diet rich in calcium & Vitamin D.
c. Don’t use tobacco products.
d. Do all of these *
6.
Men on average have ______ bone density than women because testosterone stimulates ____ bone formation than estrogen.
a. higher – more *
b. higher – less
c. lower – more
d. lower – less
7.
In graph C, ________ well-trained cyclists (cycling > 10 hr/week) have significantly lower bone density than their peers because
they are __________.
a. > 17 year old – exercise too much
b. > 17 year old – not doing as much weight-bearing exercise *
c. < 17 year old – exercise too much
d. < 17 year old – not doing as much weight-bearing exercise
8.
Connective tissues with lots of ______ wrap _________, providing structural support & pathways for blood vessels.
a. collagen – muscle fibers only
b. collagen – neural & muscle fibers *
c. lipids – muscle fibers only
d. lipids – neural & muscle fibers
9.
A 10-year old child will have _______ production of new myoblasts or satellite cells while the production of new myocytes
(myofibers) will be ________.
a. moderate – moderate
b. no – moderate
c. no – zero
d. moderate – zero *
10. Which of these is the smallest contractile unit within a skeletal muscle cell?
a. Myofiber
b. Myofibril
c. Sarcomere *
d. Fascicle
11. Which line on graph A, best describes the maximum force a muscle cell can produce (when activated) if the X-axis varies from the
muscle cell’s shortest possible length to the muscle cell’s normal “resting” length.
a. V
b. Z
c. M *
d. W
12. As more calcium ions (Ca2+) __________ out of the SR, the number of cross-bridges between actin & myosin ______.
a. diffuse – decrease
b. are actively transported – increase
c. diffuse – increase *
d. are actively transported – decrease
13. In graph B, both aerobic fitness & performance has ______ in 9-12 year olds from the 1960s to the present. This may be closely
associated with an increase in _______ in this age group.
a. increased – obesity
b. decreased – obesity *
c. increased – aerobic training
d. decreased – aerobic training
14. Which of the motor units in this hypothetical muscle, will be activated to perform its maximum work effort?
V = 10 cells, W = 300 cells, X = 1,000 cells, Y = 50 cells, Z = 100 cells
a. W + X
b. V + Y
c. X only
d. All of these *
15. During asymmetric recruitment to maintain posture, motor units that _______ in size (# cells) are activated at _______.
a. differ – the same time
b. differ – different times
c. are similar – the same time
d. are similar – different times *
16. Red muscle fibers have greater ________ & store more _______ for use as a fuel for ATP production than white fibers.
a. endurance – fatty acids *
b. endurance – glucose
c. strength – fatty acids
d. strength – glucose
17. As an adult, regular aerobic exercise that lasts for 30-40 minutes at a time, can _________ myofibers.
a. increase the length of white
b. decrease the myoglobin within white
c. increase the capillaries around red *
d. decrease the numbers of mitochondria in red
18. Put these fuels in order of their “peak” use by skeletal muscle cells during a 60-minute period of moderate exercise.
1 = CP, 2 = aerobic glycolysis, 3 = anaerobic glycolysis, 4 = aerobic lipolysis, 5 = stored ATP
a. 4, 2, 3, 5, 1
b. 3, 4, 2, 1, 5
c. 2, 5, 4, 1, 3
d. 5, 1, 3, 2, 4 *
19. An Olympic marathon runner has developed a very ____ VO2 max and ____ the proportion of red & white fibers in their leg muscles.
a. low - inherited
b. high – inherited *
c. low – acquired
d. high – acquired
20. Which of these is the most common type of neuron in the CNS?
a. Autonomic motor
b. Somatic motor
c. Association (interneuron) *
d. Sensory
21. Put these parts of a reflex arc in order from start to finish: 1 – skeletal muscle contraction, 2 – stretch receptor in tendon excited, 3 –
interneuron (association) neuron activated, 4 – somatic motor neuron activated, 5 – sensory neuron activated.
a. 2, 5, 3, 4, 1 *
b. 1, 4, 3, 2, 5
c. 5, 2, 1, 3, 4
d. 4, 1, 3, 5, 2
22. Schwann cells myelinate ______ neurons in the _______.
a. some – CNS
b. all – CNS
c. some – PNS *
d. all – PNS
23. Which glial (neuroglial) cell forms part of the BBB by wrapping around capillaries to limit entry of substances into the CNS?
a. Oligodendrocyte
b. Astrocyte *
c. Scwann cells
d. Microglia
24. If 400 ml of CSF are produced each day, how much CSF must be returned to the blood each day?
a. 300
b. 400 *
c. 500
d. 0
25. Abnormally high _______ can lead to ______ that may in turn result in brain damage.
a. blood (hydrostatic) pressure – meningitis
b. CSF drainage – meningitis
c. blood (hydrostatic) pressure – hydrocephaly *
d. CSF drainage – hydrocephaly
26. Trace the pathway of CSF from its production site to its last location before it returns to the blood: 1 – dural sinus, 2 – ventricles, 3 –
arachnoid villi, 4 – choroid plexus, 5 – subarachnoid space.
a. 4, 2, 5, 3, 1 *
b. 1, 3, 5, 2, 4
c. 3, 5, 4, 1, 2
d. 2, 4, 1, 5, 3
27. Which line on graph A best describes the growth of the brain (by volume) if the X-axis is conception to birth?
a. V
b. W
c. Z
d. P *
28. The neural tube, that forms the beginning of the nervous system, closes off & separates from surface cells by the end of the
_______ of a pregnancy.
a. 1st week
b. 1st month *
c. 6th month
d. 9th month
29. Between the ages of 15 – 25 years, the human brain __________.
a. adds many new neurons
b. prunes/removes some synaptic connections *
c. is demyelinating neurons rapidly
d. does all of these
30. ______ has(have) been artificially supplemented with folate in an attempt to reduce the frequency of ______ in the U.S.
a. Bread & cereals – neural tube defects *
b. Meats – neural tube defects
c. Orange juice – rickets
d. Leafy vegetables – rickets
31. The meta-analysis in graph D shows that Vit. A supplements ________ the mortality of infants (6-59 months old) in the summary of
all 3 regions compared to a placebo. Vitamin A may _______ the repair of lung & gut epithelial tissues.
a. significantly increased - promote
b. significantly decreased – promote *
c. had no effect on – inhibit
d. significantly increased - inhibit
32. Lactic acid in plasma can cause acidosis. This type of acidosis will _______ neurons and muscle cells, leading to _______.
a. inhibit – short term fatigue *
b. inhibit – long lasting fatigue
c. stimulate – sustained contractions & convulsions
d. stimulate – brief contractions & convulsions
33. If you want to increase your fish intake to improve your health, you can avoid the risk of excessive mercury exposure by eating
______ several times/week.
a. salmon *
b. shark
c. Swordfish
d. Albacore tuna
34. The rapid _____ of _____ through voltage-gated channels in a neural membrane, results in depolarization of the membrane.
a. diffusion – Na+ *
b. diffusion – K+
c. active transport – Na+
d. active transport – K+
35. If a neuron’s threshold voltage = -60mV, a membrane voltage = ______ will produce _____ action potentials/min. than a membrane
voltage = -60mV.
a. -55 mV – more *
b. -65 mV – more
c. -55 mV – larger
d. -65 mV – larger
36. Action potentials travel most rapidly down ______.
a. large diameter, non-myelinated axons
b. large diameter, myelinated dendrites *
c. small diameter, non-myelinated axons
d. small diameter, myelinated dendrites
37. If a synaptic bulb/terminal releases a neurotransmitter by ________, the neurotransmitter molecules will move by ______ across the
synapse to bind to receptors on a dendrite.
a. endocytosis – diffusion
b. exocytosis – diffusion *
c. endocytosis – active transport
d. exocytosis – active transport
38. In graph F, women 50-79 yrs old had their highest risk of developing cataracts if they ate ________ diet & their BMI was ________.
a. an unhealthy - > 35 *
b. an unhealthy - < 22.5
c. a healthy - > 35
d. a healthy - < 22.5
39. Regular users of tobacco have __________ non-smokers.
a. a poorer sense of taste than
b. a poorer sense of smell than
c. a higher risk of developing cataracts than
d. all of the above compared to *
40. The normal motor end plate on a skeletal muscle cell is _______ folded and is densely concentrated with _______ channels.
a. highly – receptor-gated *
b. highly – voltage-gated
c. weakly – voltage-gated
d. weakly – receptor-gated
41. The primary motor cortex helps regulate the actions of __________ muscle.
a. smooth
b. cardiac
c. skeletal *
d. all
42. The neurotransmitter ____ is broken down quickly and has an ____ effect on skeletal muscle cells.
a. Ach – excitatory *
b. NE – inhibitory
c. Ach – inhibitory
d. NE – excitatory
43. The ______ division of the autonomic system handles the “flight or fight” responses in part by ________ heart rate.
a. parasympathetic – increasing
b. sympathetic – decreasing
c. parasympathetic – decreasing
d. sympathetic – increasing *
44. Non-tasters have a _____ density of taste buds in their tongue. They detect bitter substances at _____ concentrations than the
average person.
a. high – higher
b. low – higher *
c. high – lower
d. low – lower
45. Which sensory system sends its nerve fibers directly to the limbic system (emotion area) as well as the sensory cortex?
a. Vision (sight)
b. Auditory (hearing)
c. Olfaction (smell) *
d. Gustation (taste)
46. Which part of the eye is heavily pigmented with melanin so that it absorbs light well?
a. Cornea
b. Choroid *
c. Sclera
d. Lens
47. When you read a textbook under a good light, which of the following happens?
a. Pupils dilate (enlarge).
b. Lens becomes less convex (thinner).
c. Sympathetic system is stimulated.
d. Ciliary body’s sphincter muscle contracts. *
48. Which of these amplify sounds before the sound wave enters the cochlea?
a. Ear ossicles only
b. Eardrum (tympanum) only
c. Both eardrum & ear ossicles *
d. Neither ear drum nor ear ossicles
49. The hair cells that resonate best to a 7000 Hz (cycles/sec) sound are located on the _______ part of the basilar membrane. The
human hearing range is approximately 500-20,000Hz.
a. widest
b. narrowest
c. middle *
d. apex
50. Which line on graph A best describes the density (number) of cone photoreceptors starting at the fovea & going to the edge of the
retina on the X-axis?
a. M
b. W *
c. Z
d. P
Graph A
Graph B
Worldwide patterns of aerobic fitness (dashed lines) & aerobic
performance (solid lines) of 9–12 year olds & 13–17 year olds.
Data are standardized to 1990 = 100%. Armstrong, N; Tomkinson, GR;
Ekelund, U. 2011. Aerobic fitness and its relationship to sport, exercise training and
habitual physical activity during youth. Br J Sports Med 45:849–858.
Graph C
Group X age interaction for femoral neck bone mineral density (vBMD; p < 0.01) in
young and old adolescent cyclists and controls.
* P <0.05 between control and cyclists groups > 17 years.
Olmedillas H, et al. 2011. Bone related health status in adolescent
cyclists. PLoS ONE 6(9):e24841.
Graph E
Major trend line; gray bar marks
values talked about in paper.
Relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) and serum intact
parathyroid hormone (PTH). Serum refers to the solutes in blood plasma.
Lips, P, et al. 2010. Clinical Endocrinology 73:277–285.
Graph D
Forest plot for preventive effect of vitamin A supplementation on
all-cause mortality with subgroup analysis for geographical region:
supplementation in children 6-59 months of age.
Imdad, A; et al. 2011. Impact of vitamin A supplementation on infant and childhood
mortality. BMC Public Health 11(Suppl 3):S20
Graph F
Adjusted odds ratios for nuclear cataract adjusted for age, comparing
1995 healthy eating index & BMI in 1808 women, 50-79 years old.
Eating Index Quintiles: 1 - least healthy to quintile 5 healthiest; p < 0.001
BMI: Quintiles: 1 - BMI < 22.5 to Quintile 5 - BMI > 35; p < 0.01
Mare, JA, et al. 2010. Healthy diets and the subsequent prevalence of nuclear
cataract in women. Arch Ophthalmol 128(6):738-749.