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Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 2 Biological and Environmental Foundations Genotypes and Phenotypes Genotype Genetic make-up of an individual Phenotype Observable characteristics of an individual Genetic Foundations Chromosomes – store and transmit genetic information. Genes – segments of DNA located along the chromosomes DNA – substance of which genes and chromosomes are made. Dominant-Recessive Inheritance X-Linked Inheritance Genetic Imprinting and Mutation Imprinting Chemical marker that activates either father’s or mother’s gene. Often temporary. Mutation Sudden, permanent change in a DNA segment. Chromosomal Abnormalities Down Syndrome – results from problems with the 21st chromosome. Sex Chromosome Abnormalities – problems with the X or Y chromosomes Prenatal Diagnostic Methods Amniocentesis Chorionic Villus Sampling Fetoscopy Ultrasound Maternal Blood Analysis Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis Reproductive Technologies Donor Insemination In Vitro Fertilization Surrogate Mother New Technologies Adoption and Adjustment Environmental Contexts for Development Family Socioeconomic Status Neighborhoods Towns and Cities Cultural Context Family Influences on Development Direct Two-person relationships Indirect Third Parties Adapting to Change Changes from within and outside the family Socioeconomic Status and Family Functioning Timing of Family Life Cycle Values and Expectations Father’s Involvement Communication and Discipline Styles Children’s Cognitive Development Who is Poor? 12% of U.S and Canadian population Parents under age 25 with young children Elderly living alone, especially women Ethnic Minorities Women Children Children in Poverty: U.S. and Canada Individualist and Collectivist Societies Individualist People think of themselves as separate from other people. Concerned with personal goals. Collectivist People define themselves as part of a group. Concerned with group goals over individual goals. Social Policies and Poverty in Late Adulthood How Much Does Heredity Contribute to Behavior? Heritability Estimates Portion of individual differences attributable to genetics. Ranges from 0 to 1.00. Genetic-Environment Correlation Passive Correlation Evocative Correlation Active Correlation Niche-picking The Epigenetic Framework