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1. The method by which DNA can be passed from one bacterium to another through viral infection is called ____________________ 2. The enzyme found in retroviruses that is used to change an edited human mRNA back into DNA so it can be inserted into a plasmid is called ______________________ 3. DNA strand made from eukaryotic RNA using reverse transcriptase is called ___________. 4. Enzyme used to join “sticky ends” of DNA fragments cut with restriction endonucleases. 5. Small, self-replicating loops of DNA found in bacteria that may contain genes for antibiotic resistance and conjugation. 6. Name the enzymes found naturally in bacteria which leave “sticky ends” when they cut DNA 7. Name the type of Viral lifecycle shown 8. Virus that infects bacteria. 9. Viral DNA that is incorporated into the bacterial host DNA during the lysogenic cycle is called a _______________ 10. Name this process used to make billions of copies of a small amount of DNA 11. Palindrome sequences on DNA that are recognized by restriction enzymes. 12. Infectious agent consisting of a nucleic acid (DNA/RNA and double/single stranded) surrounded by a protein coat. 13. Virus that contains RNA and the enzyme reverse transcriptase surrounded by a bilayer envelope made from host membranes. 14. Small pieces of complementary DNA used to start the strand when copying the DNA segment to be amplified using PCR. 15. DNA polymerase isolated from a thermophilic archaebacterial that can withstand the high temps of PCR. 16. The uptake of foreign “naked” DNA by bacteria is called _________________ 17. The direct transfer of DNA between two bacterial cells. 18. Bacteria with R plasmids are able to: a. make sex pili b. resist some kinds of antibiotics c. copy their DNA without errors d. killed infected mice 19. DNA is ___________ charged so it will move in an electric field on a gel. 20. During DNA electrophoresis, fragments that are ____________ move farther along the gel. 21. All of the following are TRUE about restriction enzymes EXCEPT: a. used to destroy “foreign DNA” in bacteria b. can leave “sticky ends” when DNA is cut c. can help amplify DNA using PCR d. can be used to insert human DNA into bacteria 22. Which of the following is a problem with getting prokaryotic cells to express human genes? a. their genetic codes differ because bacteria use uracil instead of thymine in DNA b. prokaryotic spliceosomes only recognize bacterial introns c. bacterial ribosomes are too small to translate long eukaryotic mRNA d. bacterial cells lack splicing enzymes because they don’t have introns 23. A scientist recovers a bit of tissue from a 400 year old Dodo bird and would like to compare it against samples from living birds. What technology would be most useful in increasing the amount of DNA for testing? a. bacterial transformation b. polymerase chain reaction c. electroporation d. electrophoresis