* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Chapter 10
Community fingerprinting wikipedia , lookup
Expression vector wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding DNA wikipedia , lookup
Genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Transcriptional regulation wikipedia , lookup
Amino acid synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Endogenous retrovirus wikipedia , lookup
Proteolysis wikipedia , lookup
Messenger RNA wikipedia , lookup
Protein structure prediction wikipedia , lookup
Silencer (genetics) wikipedia , lookup
Two-hybrid screening wikipedia , lookup
Deoxyribozyme wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
Epitranscriptome wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression wikipedia , lookup
Biochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
Biosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
NAME ___________________ PERIOD ___________________ Grades Nine Through Twelve Biology/Life Sciences Science Content Standards Standards that all students are expected to achieve in the course of their studies. Cell Biology 1. The fundamental life processes of plants and animals depend on a variety of chemical reactions that occur in specialized areas of the organism's cells. As a basis for understanding this concept: c. Students know how prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells (including those from plants and animals), and viruses differ in complexity and general structure. d. Students know the central dogma of molecular biology outlines the flow of information from transcription of ribonucleic acid (RNA) in the nucleus to translation of proteins on ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Genetics 4. Genes are a set of instructions encoded in the DNA sequence of each organism that specify the sequence of amino acids in proteins characteristic of that organism. As a basis for understanding this concept: a. Students know the general pathway by which ribosomes synthesize proteins, using tRNAs to translate genetic information in mRNA. b. Students know how to apply the genetic coding rules to predict the sequence of amino acids from a sequence of codons in RNA. c. Students know how mutations in the DNA sequence of a gene may or may not affect the expression of the gene or the sequence of amino acids in an encoded protein. d. Students know specialization of cells in multicellular organisms is usually due to different patterns of gene expression rather than to differences of the genes themselves. e. Students know proteins can differ from one another in the number and sequence of amino acids. 5. The genetic composition of cells can be altered by incorporation of exogenous DNA into the cells. As a basis for understanding this concept: a. Students know the general structures and functions of DNA, RNA, and protein. b. Students know how to apply base-pairing rules to explain precise copying of DNA during semiconservative replication and transcription of information from DNA into mRNA. c. Students know how genetic engineering (biotechnology) is used to produce novel biomedical and agricultural products. Directions: Before answering questions in this packet, you should read the sections in the textbook that cover the material. RNA Structure 1. RNA differs from DNA in 3 ways: a. b. c. 2. Structural Forms of RNA Form Description/Function a. b. c. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS (DNARNAPROTEIN) 3. protein synthesis: 4. Protein synthesis takes place in the _________________________ of the cell. 5. Protein synthesis involves 2 main stages. Describe the processes. a. transcription: b. translation: 6. Each protein molecule is made up of one or more polymers called __________________________, each of which consists of a specific sequence of _____________________________ linked together by ____________________________. 7. How many different amino acids are there? 8. genetic code: 9. _______________ is transcribed using DNA as a template. The genetic code inherent in the DNA is thus reflected in the sequence of bases in mRNA. A specific group of _______________ sequential bases of mRNA is called a ______________. Each codon codes for, or recognizes, a specific __________________________ using _________________ as an intermediary. Each codon attracts a group of bases on tRNA, and each tRNA has a specific amino acid attached to it. 10. There exist ________ possible codons. Most encode amino acids, but a few encode “start” signals that engage a ___________________ to start reading an mRNA molecule or “stop” signals that cause the ribosomes to stop reading mRNA. 11. the universal “start” codon: 12. A particular protein is 200 amino acids long. In the gene for this protein, how many nucleotides are necessary to code for this protein? Use the dictionary of the genetic code (RNA codons) to answer the following questions. 13. An mRNA molecule contains the nucleotide sequence CCAUUUACG. Translate this sequence into the corresponding amino acid sequence. 14. An mRNA molecule contains the nucleotide sequence AUGAAAGCCGAUUAA. Translate this sequence into the corresponding amino acid sequence. 15. What is the difference between a promoter and a terminator? What are they used for? 16. DNA mutation: 17. Describe the results of the following types of mutations. a. base insertion b. base deletion c. base substitution 18. mutagen: 19. mutagenesis: VIRUSES (Ch. 21) 20. Virus: 21. Describe the structure of a typical virus. 22. What type of molecules make up the capsid of the virus? 23. What is the difference between a virulent virus and a temperate virus? 24. What are the similarities between viruses and cells? 25. What are the differences between viruses and cells? 26. retroviruses: 27. reverse transcriptase: function: 28. bacteriophage: 29. lytic cycle: 30. Describe what is happening in the Lytic cycle: 1. 2. 1 Bacterial chromosome 4 3. 4. 2 3 31. Lysogenic Cycle 1 Bacterial chromosome 5 2 4 3 Describe what is going on in the Lysogenic cycle: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The prophage may enter the lytic cycle. 32. Why do scientists think that viruses evolved after cells? 33. HIV: 34. AIDS: 35. Describe how HIV causes AIDS. 36. Some people suggest that the drug AZT (aidothymidine) can help patients with AIDS. This drug blocks the enzyme reverse transcriptase. Explain how AZT might help patients.