Download Chapter 10

NAME ___________________
PERIOD ___________________
Grades Nine Through Twelve
Biology/Life Sciences
Science Content Standards
Standards that all students are expected to achieve in the course of their studies.
Cell Biology
1. The fundamental life processes of plants and animals depend on a variety of chemical reactions that
occur in specialized areas of the organism's cells. As a basis for understanding this concept:
c. Students know how prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells (including those from plants and
animals), and viruses differ in complexity and general structure.
d. Students know the central dogma of molecular biology outlines the flow of information from
transcription of ribonucleic acid (RNA) in the nucleus to translation of proteins on ribosomes in
the cytoplasm.
Genetics
4. Genes are a set of instructions encoded in the DNA sequence of each organism that specify the
sequence of amino acids in proteins characteristic of that organism. As a basis for understanding this
concept:
a. Students know the general pathway by which ribosomes synthesize proteins, using tRNAs to
translate genetic information in mRNA.
b. Students know how to apply the genetic coding rules to predict the sequence of amino acids
from a sequence of codons in RNA.
c. Students know how mutations in the DNA sequence of a gene may or may not affect the
expression of the gene or the sequence of amino acids in an encoded protein.
d. Students know specialization of cells in multicellular organisms is usually due to different
patterns of gene expression rather than to differences of the genes themselves.
e. Students know proteins can differ from one another in the number and sequence of amino
acids.
5. The genetic composition of cells can be altered by incorporation of exogenous DNA into the cells. As a
basis for understanding this concept:
a. Students know the general structures and functions of DNA, RNA, and protein.
b. Students know how to apply base-pairing rules to explain precise copying of DNA during
semiconservative replication and transcription of information from DNA into mRNA.
c. Students know how genetic engineering (biotechnology) is used to produce novel biomedical
and agricultural products.
Directions: Before answering questions in this packet, you should read the sections in the textbook that
cover the material.
RNA Structure
1. RNA differs from DNA in 3 ways:
a.
b.
c.
2. Structural Forms of RNA
Form
Description/Function
a.
b.
c.
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS (DNARNAPROTEIN)
3. protein synthesis:
4. Protein synthesis takes place in the _________________________ of the cell.
5. Protein synthesis involves 2 main stages. Describe the processes.
a. transcription:
b. translation:
6. Each protein molecule is made up of one or more polymers called __________________________,
each of which consists of a specific sequence of _____________________________ linked together by
____________________________.
7. How many different amino acids are there?
8. genetic code:
9. _______________ is transcribed using DNA as a template. The genetic code inherent in the DNA is
thus reflected in the sequence of bases in mRNA. A specific group of _______________ sequential
bases of mRNA is called a ______________. Each codon codes for, or recognizes, a specific
__________________________ using _________________ as an intermediary. Each codon attracts a
group of bases on tRNA, and each tRNA has a specific amino acid attached to it.
10. There exist ________ possible codons. Most encode amino acids, but a few encode “start” signals that
engage a ___________________ to start reading an mRNA molecule or “stop” signals that cause the
ribosomes to stop reading mRNA.
11. the universal “start” codon:
12. A particular protein is 200 amino acids long. In the gene for this protein, how many nucleotides are
necessary to code for this protein?
Use the dictionary of the genetic code (RNA codons) to answer the following questions.
13. An mRNA molecule contains the nucleotide
sequence CCAUUUACG. Translate this sequence
into the corresponding amino acid sequence.
14. An mRNA molecule contains the nucleotide
sequence AUGAAAGCCGAUUAA. Translate this
sequence into the corresponding amino acid
sequence.
15. What is the difference between a promoter and a
terminator? What are they used for?
16. DNA mutation:
17. Describe the results of the following types of mutations.
a. base insertion
b. base deletion
c. base substitution
18. mutagen:
19. mutagenesis:
VIRUSES (Ch. 21)
20. Virus:
21. Describe the structure of a typical virus.
22. What type of molecules make up the capsid of the virus?
23. What is the difference between a virulent virus and a temperate virus?
24. What are the similarities between viruses and cells?
25. What are the differences between viruses and cells?
26. retroviruses:
27. reverse transcriptase:
function:
28. bacteriophage:
29. lytic cycle:
30. Describe what is happening in the Lytic cycle:
1.
2.
1
Bacterial
chromosome
4
3.
4.
2
3
31. Lysogenic Cycle
1
Bacterial
chromosome
5
2
4
3
Describe what is going on in the Lysogenic cycle:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. The prophage may enter the lytic cycle.
32. Why do scientists think that viruses evolved after cells?
33. HIV:
34. AIDS:
35. Describe how HIV causes AIDS.
36. Some people suggest that the drug AZT (aidothymidine) can help patients with AIDS. This drug blocks
the enzyme reverse transcriptase. Explain how AZT might help patients.