Download Semester Exam Review File

Fall Semester Exam Review
Congratulation!!!…You made it to the end of the first semester of pre-AP Biology and now you get the
opportunity to demonstrate your knowledge in biology. Unfortunately for you, EVERYONE will take the semester
exam, regardless if you are exempt or not, EVERYONE will take the exam.
This review will help you to test your knowledge of every single concept we covered during the semester.
Some concepts and ideas are not included in this review, which means you do not have to stress about them.
The review is divided in Units, six units in total. Each unit contains a required vocabulary that you have to be
familiar with and some questions that will help you to apply your knowledge.
Bonus Points: If you turn in this review the day of the test (TBA), you will get 5 extra points in your Semester
Exam and it can replace your lowest quiz grade of the Six-Weeks with a 100.
Good Luck and if you need help, you can always come to tutorials before and after school.
Biochemistry
Vocabulary
Biochemistry
Carbohydrates
Monomer
Polymer
Atom
Proteins
Nucleic Acid
Enzyme
Biomolecule
Lipids
Peptide
Chemical Reaction
Reactants
Products
Law of Conservation of
Energy
Activation Energy
Catalyst
Substrate
Inhibitor
Denature
Questions
What are the monomer and polymer of each biomolecule?
What are the functions of each biomolecule?
How can you distinguish between saturated and unsaturated lipids?
Why are the four types of protein structure different?
Why are proteins different?
What are the elements found in each type of biomolecule?
Write two example molecules for each biomolecule.
What is the function of an enzyme?
What the two types of chemical reactions? Why do they depend on activation energy?
What are the three key characteristics of an enzyme?
What is the Enzyme/Substrate Complex? Explain each part of the complex.
How can you modify or disrupt the activity of an enzyme
What is the role of an Enzyme in a chemical reaction? What would that look like on in the form of a line graph (Y axis
is RATE OF REACTION and X axis is % of CONCENTRATION?
Biological
Macromolecule
Function(s)
Monomer
Examples
Carbohydrate
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Cell Structure and Transport
Vocabulary
Cell
Prokaryotic Cell
Organelle
Nucleus
Eukaryotic Cell
Chromatin
Nuclear Membrane
Nucleolus
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Vacuoles
Lysosomes
Cytoskeleton
Chloroplast
Cell Wall
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Protein Channel
Active Transport
Passive Transport
ATP
DNA
Diffusion
Osmosis
Concentration Gradient
Synthesis
Homeostasis
Isotonic
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
Phospholipid
Solution
Solute
Solvent
Questions
What are the differences and similarities between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
What organelles can be found in plants only?
Where can you find ribosomes in a cell?
Why is photosynthesis and cellular respiration important for organisms? Write the formula for each chemical
reaction.
What are the differences between Passive and Active transport?
What is a cell membrane made of? What are the functions of each part?
Draw a diagram that illustrates a cell in an isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solution.
What is the importance of ATP? Provide 3 examples.
Why is active transport and passive transport necessary to keep homeostasis in a cell?
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Examples
Main Characteristics of each
DNA Structure and Protein Synthesis
Vocabulary
DNA
Nucleotide
Nitrogenous Bases
DNA Backbone
Purine
Pyrimidine
Hydrogen Bond
Chargaff’s Rule
Cell Cycle
Zygote
Genome
Interphase
Mitotic Phase
Cytokinesis
Mitosis
DNA
Chromatin
Chromosomes
Histone
Gene
Cancer
Sister Chromatids
Gene Expression
Central Dogma
Transcription
Translation
Ribosomes
RNA
DNA
mRNA
tRNA
Pre-mRNA
Ribozyme
Codon
Anticodon
Template Strand
RNA Polymerase
TATA Box
Spliceosome
Polypeptide
Mutations
Point Mutations
Operon
Alleles
Questions
Draw and describe the structure of DNA.
Why are Nitrogenous bases important?
Draw the structure of a Nucleotide.
What kind of biomolecule is DNA?
What is the function of Cell Division?
What kinds of cells perform cell division, especially mitosis?
Develop a concept map that shows the steps of cell division and describe their main function. You must include all
the correct terminology. Total number of terms: 12 Terms
How many chromosomes are found in cells that under mitosis?
What is the purpose of the central dogma?
What are the differences between DNA and RNA?
What are the differences and similarities of protein synthesis between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Draw a diagram showing the steps of protein synthesis. Include all the correct terminology. Number of terms: 10
terms (minimum).
What are the different types of point mutation? Explain the 5 different types.
Why do you want to regulate gene expression?
Why do you want to synthesize proteins?
What are the different types of gene control?
Why animals, plants, and bacteria (different organisms) share the same genetic bases?
A nucleotide is composed of the following parts:
a.
Label X, Y and Z in the following diagram:
What is the complimentary strand of this DNA segment:
5’ A-C-A-C-T-G-T-A-G-T-C-A-C-T-G-A-C-A-T-G-C 3’
Before DNA can replicate in the S phase, this enzyme must “un-zip” the DNA: ___________. After this enzyme unzips
the DNA, another enzyme called _________________ replicates the DNA material by creating new nucleotides.
Explain the purpose and where each process takes place:
Transcription
Translation
Purpose:
Purpose:
Where does this take place:
Where does this take place:
If the mRNA 5’ AUGACUAAU 3’ had a mutation to 5’ AUGACCAAU 3’ what would be the effect?
If the mRNA 5’ AUGACUAAU 3’ had a mutation to 5’ AUGACCAAA 3’ what would be the effect?
Unit 2.3 Meiosis and Mitosis
Vocabulary
Meiosis
Somatic Cells
Gametes
Sexual Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
Diploid
Haploid
Fertilization
Crossing Over
Independent Assortment
Genes
Chromosomes
Homologous Chromosomes
Autosomes
Sex Chromosomes
Karyotype
Cancer
Life Cycle
Zygote
Synapsis
Chiasmata
Tetrad
Sister Chromatids
Genetic Variation
Questions
Develop a concept map that shows the steps of the life cycle and describe their main function. You must include all
the correct terminology. Total number of terms: 15 Terms
Why does cell needs to have meiosis 1 and meiosis 2 during gamete formation?
What steps of gamete formation are unique to meiosis?
How many chromosomes are found in human cells after meiosis?
How can gametes end up with different genes/genetic information, even that the can be formed from the same cell?
What is the purpose of the terms “n” and “2n”?
Complete the following diagram with the correct number of human chromosomes.
Use the picture and chart below to describe the steps of the Cell Cycle.
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
Mendel and Genetics
Vocabulary
Gene
Alleles
Phenotype
Genotype
P Generation
F1 Generation
F2 Generation
Dominant Allele
Homozygous Dominant
Gene
Recessive Alleles
Homozygous Recessive
Gene
Heterozygous Gene
Law of Segregation
Punnett Square
Test Cross
Law of Independent Assortment
Monohybrid Cross
Dihybrid Cross
Complete Dominance
Codominance
Incomplete Dominance
Multiple Alleles
Polygenic Inheritance
Pedigree
Autosomal Recessive
Disorder
Autosomal Dominant
Disorder
Nature and Nurture
Questions
(Monohybrid Crosses) Set up the Punnett squares for each of the crosses listed below. Round seeds are dominant to
wrinkled seeds.
Rr x rr
What percentage of the offspring will be round?
RR x rr
What percentage of the offspring will be round?
(Dihybrid Crosses) In guinea pigs the allele for black fur (B) is dominant over the allele for brown fur (b), and the allele
for short fur (F) is dominant over the allele for long fur (f). If a male guinea pig that is heterozygous for both traits
mates with a female that has long brown fur, what are all the possible genotypes of their offspring? (HINT: fill in the
dihybrid cross square below)
a. What percentage of the offspring from a BbFf x bbff cross would be expected to be heterozygous for
both traits?
b. What are all the possible phenotypes from this cross?
A man who is heterozygous with type A blood marries a woman who is homozygous with type B blood. What possible
blood types might their children have?
Phenotype
Genotype(s)
(Blood Group)
Type A
IAIA or IAi
Type B
IBIB or IBi
Type AB
IAIB
Type O
ii
If several pea plants with the genotype T TYy are crossed with pea plants with the genotype Ttyy, what percentage of
the offspring will be expected to have the T TYy allele combination?
Fur color in cats is controlled by an autosomal gene that can occur in the dominant form, (B), or the recessive form,
(b). The length of the cat’s fur is controlled by another autosomal gene that occurs in the dominant form, (S), or the
recessive form, (s). The table below shows the traits for these allele codes
Gene
Trait
B
black fur
b
white fur
S
short-haired fur
s
long-haired fur
The following genotypes were found in a male cat and a female cat.
Male cat
Female cat
BbSs
bbSS
Which one of the following choices is true of the phenotype of offspring when the male and female cats are crossed?