Download CP Biology Cumulative Final Exam Study Guide write all answers on

CP Biology Cumulative Final Exam Study Guide
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1. In an experiment, what are some possible reasons for inconsistent results and errors?
2. Explain the difference between independent and dependent variables.
3. What is the difference between a control group and an experimental group?
4. What is a scientific theory?
5. What is an enzyme? How do enzymes function?
6. What conditions affect the performance of an enzyme?
7. Name the four main types of macromolecules found in organisms and list the monomers that they are composed
of.
8. What is the function of the mitochondria?
9. What is the function of the chloroplast?
10. Where does the Kreb’s Cycle (citric acid cycle) take place?
11. What molecule first captures energy from the sun?
12. What type of cells have mitochondria?
13. Which type of cells have chloroplasts?
14. Write the chemical equation for photosynthesis.
15. Write the chemical equation for aerobic respiration.
16. What are the products of photosynthesis?
17. What are the products of aerobic respiration?
18. How is energy released from ATP?
19. Compare and contrast the terms photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Be sure to discuss what they require and
what they create, as well as where they take place.
20. Explain how the energy that originally came from the sun is being used by you as you do your homework. Include
steps.
21. What does the term semipermeable mean?
22. What is the function of the plasma membrane?
23. What is the function of the proteins embedded in the plasma membrane?
24. Explain the terms active transport and passive transport.
25. Describe what would happen to a plant cell placed in hypotonic and hypertonic solutions. What would happen to an
animal cell?
26. Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
27. Compare and contrast plant and animals cells.
28. What are organelles?
29. What is the function of the golgi apparatus?
30. Explain the difference between rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
31. What is the path of protein production in a cell (what organelles produce, modify, and deliver the protein)?
32. Why is the cell theory considered a scientific theory?
33. What are the four nucleotides in DNA? Which goes with which?
34. Describe the Central Dogma of molecular biology.
35. If a DNA molecule has the sequence TACGAACCC, what would be the complimentary mRNA sequence?
36. The process by which a DNA molecule is copied is called _____.
37. What is a codon?
38. What are the types of RNA?
39. Messenger RNA is formed in the process of _____.
40. What happens during translation and transcription? Which happens first?
41. What is a mutation?
42. Use a genetic code chart to translate the mRNA into amino acids: AUGUUUCAGUGA
43. What is the relationship between proteins and amino acids?
44. Why is tRNA important in translation?
45. What is the difference between DNA and RNA?
46. What did Chargaff’s rules state?
47. Describe genetic engineering in animals.
48. The gene for color blindness in humans is found on the X chromosome. A boy has a color blind father. Will the boy
be color blind? Explain.
49. A useful device for predicting the possible offspring of crosses between different genotypes is the ___.
50. In guinea pigs, the allele for rough coat (R) is dominant to the allele for smooth coat (r), and the allele for black fur
(B) is dominant to the allele for white fur (b). If two guinea pigs that are heterozygous for rough, black fur are
mated,
A. What are the genotypes of the parents?
B. What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring?
51. Show your work in a Punnett square
52. Describe Mendel’s law of segregation and law of independent assortment.
53. Cells containing two alleles for each trait are called _______.
54. Name the gamete that contains genes contributed only by the mother. Name the two possible gametes that can
contain genes contributed by the father.
55. A couple has two children, both of whom are boys. What is the chance that the parents' next child will be a boy?
56. A female guinea pig homozygous dominant for black fur color is mated with a male homozygous for white fur color.
In a litter of eight offspring, there would probably be _____.
57. Genes located on homologous chromosomes may have alternate forms that control different forms of a trait.
These alternate forms of a gene are called _____.
58. The type of inheritance shown when a red-flowering plant is crossed with a white-flowering plant and only pinkflowering plants are produced is _____.
59. The 23rd pair of chromosomes that differ in males and females are called _____.
60. A child is diagnosed with a rare genetic disease. Neither parent has the disease. How might the child have inherited
the disorder?
61. How does meiosis maintain a constant number of chromosomes in the body cells of organisms that reproduce
sexually?
62. What is produced by meiosis? How is this product different in mitosis?
63. Describe the process of fertilization and name the type of cell produced.
64. List the differences between somatic cells and gamete cells.
65. What is the genotypic ratio for a monohybrid cross between two heterozygous parents?
66. What are the major functions of the following human body systems?
a. Respiratory
c. Endocrine
b. Nervous
d. Immune
67. Describe the fight or flight response.
68. What is the body’s first line of defense against infection?
69. How do vaccines work?
70. What are the major differences between bacteria and viruses?
71. Describe the causes, symptoms, and treatments for HIV and AIDS.
72. How do feedback loops in the body systems help maintain homeostasis?
73. Describe the body’s immune response to a pathogen. (discuss B cells, antigens, antibodies, memory cells, and
acquired immunity)
74. Describe 4 different types of pathogens.
75. On an energy pyramid: A. Which level has the smallest number of organisms? B. Which level receives the most
energy from the sun? C. What type of organism is found at the top?
76. What is an introduced species, and how can this affect on ecosystem?
77. During succession, why do the biotic factors change over time?
78. Explain the role of burning plant matter in the carbon cycle.
79. Explain the role of a decomposer in an ecosystem.
80. How can immigration and emigration affect a population?
81. What is biodiversity?
82. What is a population?
83. What is the role of photosynthesis and cellular respiration in the carbon/oxygen cycle?