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Unit 1: Chemistry - Guided Notes
Scientific Method Notes:
Common Elements in Biology:
Atoms are made up of:
1. _______________
2. _______________
3. _______________
In order to be stable, an atom of an element needs a full valence shell of electrons. This is usually
__________ unless it is a small atom such as hydrogen which only needs __________.
An atom may gain or lose electrons to become stable. It will then become charged. The atom is
now known as an ________.
Examples of Ions:
An Isotope is an atom that has extra or missing ____________________.
Types of Bonding Between Atoms:
Ionic
vs
Covalent
Types of Covalent Bonds
Polar Bonds
Nonpolar Bonds
vs.
Not a Bond, But an Important Force Between Molecules
Hydrogen Bonding: when the hydrogen atoms in one molecule are attracted to the oxygen atoms in
other molecules. It occurs between hydrogen and a very electronegative atom such as O, F, and N.
It is a relatively _____________ bond by itself that is easily broken but when there are many
hydrogen bonds together, it is very ________________.
Water and Its Importance
Structure of Water:
Hydrogen Bonding In Water:
Properties of Water:
Property
Meaning
Importance of Property
Organic Chemistry Basics
Properties of Carbon
Functional Groups:
Functional Group
Hydroxyl
Carbonyl
Carboxyl
Amino
Sulfhydral
Phosphate
Methyl
Drawing/Formula
Properties
General Information About Macromolecules
The Four Main Classes of Large Biological Molecules:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Polymers: Large organic molecule made up of many identical or similar molecules linked
together
Monomers: These are the building blocks of polymers (the identical molecules linked
together!)
Dehydration/Condensation Reactions:
Hydrolysis Reactions:
Carbohydrates
1. Monosaccharides
a. General Info
b. Examples of Monosaccharides
2. Disaccharides
a. General Info
b. Examples of Disaccharides
3. Polysaccharides
a. General Info
b. Examples of Polysaccharides
1) Storage Polysaccharides
2) Structural Polysaccharides
Lipids
Background information:
The building blocks (monomers) of lipids:
Types of Lipids
1. Fats
a. Made up of glycerol and fatty acids
b. Function of Fat:
c. May be saturated or unsaturated
Saturated
vs.
Unsaturated
2. Steroids
a. Structure of steroids:
b. Examples of Steroids and importance
3. Phospholipids
a. Structure of phospholipids
b. Importance
Proteins
The monomers of proteins are:
Amino Acid Structure:
Parts of an amino acid:
1.
2.
3.
4.
There are 20 R groups so there are _______ different amino acids.
The bonds formed between amino acids are ____________________ bonds.
Amino acids will join together from a ________________________________________ reaction.
2 amino acids joined by a peptide bond become a:
Many amino acids joined together by a peptide bond are called a:
Protein Structures:
1. Primary Structure – this is the sequence of amino acids. It is the simplest
protein structure. The order of amino acids determines the shape and structure
of the protein.
2. Secondary Structure – may be alpha helical shaped or beta pleated shaped.
The secondary structure comes from ____________________ bonds between the
side chains of the amino acids.
3. Tertiary Structure – occurs when the secondary structure folds up in a very
specific shape and forms a specific protein. The tertiary structure comes from
interactions/bonds between the R groups of the amino acid.
Some of the interactions that occur between amino acid R groups are:
4. Quaternary Structure – occurs when several proteins with a tertiary structure
combine together and form a ____________________ protein. It makes a complex
3-D structure.
Examples of Proteins:
1. Enzymes
2. Antibodies
3. Hemoglobin
4. Actin in Muscles
5. Collagen
6. Hormones
7. Keratin
Other important information about proteins:
Remember that proteins have a specific shape (from the order of the amino
acids) which gives them a specific function. If the interactions between the
side chains of the amino acids are disrupted, the protein will unfold and lose its
specific shape and, therefore, its function. If you heat up a protein to a certain
point or put it in a solution with a low pH (acidic), the side chain interactions
between the amino acids will be disrupted and the protein will lose its shape.
The protein will be:
Examples of denaturing proteins:
Nucleic Acids
The monomers of Nucleic Acids are:
Most nucleic acids consist of many nucleotides bonded together.
Examples of Nucleic Acids:
1. DNA:
The nucleotide of DNA is made up of:
1.
The 5-carbon sugar is :
2.
The phosphate group
3.
The nitrogenous bases are:
2. RNA:
The nucleotides of RNA consist of:
1.
The 5-carbon sugar is:
2.
The phosphate group
3.
The nitrogenous bases are:
RNA is:
Compare DNA to RNA:
DNA
RNA
3. ATP: a Nucleic Acid made of 1 monomer that transports energy
The nucleotide of ATP consists of Adenine, sugar, and 3 phosphate groups.
Energy is stored between the second and third phosphate groups. When
the energy is released, so is a phosphate group. The molecule then becomes
ADP.