Download Study Guide for Test

Study Guide for Test
Name
Inheritance and Genetics
Honors Biology
Terms and Concepts
Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
DNA
Gene
Genotype
Phenotype
Chromosome
Recessive
Dominant
Allele
Heterozygous
Homozygous
Genetic Pedigrees
Punnett Squares
Genetic Probability
Genotypic Ratio
Phenotypic Ratio
Fertilization
Haploid
Diploid
Ovaries
Testes
Gametes
Meiosis
Ova/Ovum
Sperm
Zygotes
Autosomal
X-linked trait
Trisomy / Monosomy
Independent Assortment
Incomplete Dominance
Crossing Over
Nondisjunction
Generations (P, F1, F2)
Incomplete Dominance
Karyotype
Chromosomal Abnormalities
(numbers and/or structures)
mRNA
tRNA
Transcription
Codons
Translation/Protein Synthesis
Amino Acids
Genetic Code
Substitution Mutations
Deletion Mutations
Insertion Mutations
Frameshift
Silent Mutation
Nucleotide
Phosphate
Sugar (deoxyribose)
Base
Guanine
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Hydrogen Bonds
Mitosis
DNA Replication
Daughter Cells
“To do” list and tips for studying: Form a small study group and discuss all of the following.
 Understand all terms above and be able to put them into context. Pick three words (at random) and be
able to form one sentence, incorporating all ideas together.
 Review all journal entries, notes, and returned/stamped/scored/unscored work. Make corrections
where appropriate and review corrections.
 Be able to interpret Punnett Square problems and simple family pedigrees.
 Be able to explain the Meiosis Profile (who does it, when does it happen, where does it happen, why
does it happen, how).
 Be able to interpret a human karyotype and understand its uses.
 Be able to complete genetics problems involving sex-linked traits, complete dominance, and
incomplete dominance.
 Know the difference between “regular” body cells and gametes (locations, functions, types, etc.)
 Be able to explain the relationship between chromosomes, DNA, alleles, genes, traits, genotypes, and
phenotypes.



Be able to show gene expression (from genotype  phenotype). Determine the complementary DNA
strand, transcribe it into RNA, and translate it into amino acids (express the amino acid sequence).
Know the cell locations of all processes: DNA Replication, transcription, translation.
Be able to complete Central Dogma problems (e.g., manipulate the 3rd codon by creating a substitution
mutation of ___ and expressing the amino acid sequence).
 Know how the product of gene expression (DNA  RNA  amino acids/protein) helps in creating
phenotypes.
 Be able to identify types of mutations and events that may occur as a result of each type of mutation.
 Be able to explain the products of mitosis and how they compare to the original cell.
Practice Problems
1.
Continuity of species (the goal of reproduction) requires that individuals of a species must
___________________________ their genetic information.
2.
In __________________ reproduction, offspring inherit their entire DNA from one parent.
3.
In __________________ reproduction, offspring inherit ____ their DNA from each of two parents.
4.
How many copies of each gene do you have? _________
5.
How many chromosomes are in every human body (somatic) cell? _____________
6.
How many chromosomes are in a human gamete (sex cell)? ____________
7.
Describe the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction in terms of number of parents, variation between the
offspring and parents, variation between offspring.
8.
Generally describe in words and diagrams the process of meiosis. Include the number of chromosomes and the number of
cells in each step. (You do NOT have to name the steps).
9.
If an organism has 6 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will each gamete have at the end of meiosis?
10. How many gamete cells are formed from the original cell?
11. If you have two alleles that are identical/the same, you are _______________________ for the trait.
12. In hound dogs floppy ears (F) are dominant to straight ears (f):
a.
What is the phenotype of a hound dog that is heterozygous for ear shape?
b.
What would be the genotype of a hound dog with floppy ears?
13. What do you call a gene that hides or masks another (different) one?
14. Label each of the following as homozygous or heterozygous.
a.
HH _____________________________
b. Tt _______________________________
15. Label each of the following as a genotype or a phenotype.
a.
Blue eyes _______________________________ b. Hh _______________________________
16. In pea plant height, tall is dominant and short is recessive. If you cross a heterozygous tall pea plant with a short pea plant,
what are the phenotypic and genotypic ratios?
Parents: _____ x _____
Genotypic ratio ________ : ________ : ________
TT Tt
tt
Phenotypic ratio ________ : ________
Tall
short
17. In snapdragons, flower color is controlled by incomplete dominance. The two alleles are red (R) and white (W).
a.
What is the genotype of a snapdragon with red flowers?
b.
What is the genotype of a snapdragon with white flowers?
c.
What is the genotype of a snapdragon with pink flowers?
18. If you cross two pink snapdragons, what is the probability of producing the following kinds of flowers:
a. Red ___________ %
b. White ___________ %
Parents: ______ x _____
c. Pink ___________ %
19. What are the sex chromosomes in a human female? ___________ male? _________
20. In humans, the gene for color-blindness is sex-linked (X-linked) and recessive. Cross a normal vision heterozygous female
( XCXc ) with a color-blind male ( Xcy )
Parents: ___________ x ____________
a.
What are all of the possible genotypes of the offspring?
b.
What are the possible phenotypes of the offspring?
c.
What is the probability they will have a colorblind son?
chance
d.
What is the probability they will have a colorblind daughter? ______% chance
______%
21. What are two roles of the chromosomes?
A dihybrid cross is like a Punnett Square in that it uses parent information to infer possible offspring genotype combinations, but it
tracks two traits being passed down together instead of one and the traits are both heterozygous. The possible parent combinations
result in unique offspring combinations. Follow the same rules in combining alleles to determine possible offspring genotypes as you
would in a normal Punnett Square.
22. In pea plants smooth seeds (S) is dominant to wrinkled seeds (s). Yellow seed color (Y) is dominant to green seed color
(y). Two pea plants heterozygous for both traits are crossed in the Punnett square above.
a. What genotype should be in square A? ________________
b. What genotype should be in square B? ____________
c. What is the phenotype of the offspring in square B? ___________________________________
d. How many of the offspring in this cross will be expected to be wrinkled and green? _____out of 16.
23. Create a pedigree showing the following members of a family for the Sickle Cell Disease (recessive disease, NOT sexlinked)
Mother – carrier (heterozygous) for Sickle Cell Disease
Father – carrier (heterozygous) for Sickle Cell Disease
Son – affected by Sickle Cell Disease
Son – carrier for Sickle Cell Disease
Son – affected by Sickle Cell Disease
Daughter – no Sickle Cell Disease
24. Color in the pedigree using the following information, and determine as many genotypes as possible.
Colorblindness is a recessive, sex-linked disorder.
Grandma and Grandpa are NOT colorblind.
Mickey is colorblind; all of their other children have normal color vision.
Sonny and John both inherited colorblindness, as did their cousins Barney and Janet.
Grandpa
Liz
David
Fred
Wilma
Grandma
Michelle
Mickey Monica
Barney
Sonny
John
Krista Janet
25. What are the genotypes of Barney, Krista, and Janet?
Barney’ genotype:____________
Krista’s genotype: _____________
Janet’s genotype: _____________
For Molecular Genetics problems, refer to worksheets given in class or as homework and
view keys if necessary.
Complete this table.
Process
Definition or
description of this
process
Molecules involved
Location
Significance
Output
Major structures, enzymes
used, and subunits involved
in cell or body in
which this process
takes place
Why does this occur?
What is the end
product of this
process?
Meiosis
DNA
Replication
Transcription
Translation
Mitosis
Create large Venn Diagrams (here or in journal) to compare and contrast the following:
-
Transcription vs. Translation
Mitosis vs. Meiosis
DNA Replication vs. Mitosis OR DNA Replication vs. Transcription OR DNA Replication vs. Translation