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Genetics Need-to-Know Biology Name: ____________________________________________ Period: ____________ Genetics Unit Need-to-Know Be able to know, use, and explain the following vocabulary: see vocab sheet and Keystone Glossary for definitions. allele gene mutation biotechnology gene splicing nondisjunction chromosomal mutation gene therapy phenotype chromosomes genetic engineering point mutation cloning genetically modified organism polygenic trait co-dominance genetics recessive inheritance crossing over genotype sex-linked trait dominant inheritance incomplete dominance translocation frame-shift mutation inheritance gamete multiple alleles 1. A trait is a physical or behavioral characteristic that is passed from parents to offspring. 2. Genetics is the field of biology that studies how traits are inherited. 3. Traits are determined by genes that are found in the DNA. 4. Alleles are the various forms of a trait that exist. 5. The dominant allele is the allele that shows. 6. The recessive allele is the allele that is hidden. 7. A genotype is the combination of alleles a person inherits for a trait. 8. The phenotype is the trait that a person has based on their genotype. 9. If a person is heterozygous for a trait, then they inherit two different alleles. 10. If a person is homozygous for a trait, then they inherit two of the same alleles. 11. Mitosis is the type of cell division that produces 2 identical daughter cells. 12. Meiosis is the type of cell division that produces 4 reproductive cells. 13. The environment can also have an effect on a person’s traits. Example – flower color in hydrangeas; skin color in humans 14. Chromosomal mutations are damage to chromosomes due to physical or chemical disturbances or errors during meiosis. -Can only be inherited from sex cells -can be a change to the chromosome structure or the chromosome number 15. A point mutation may or may not cause a change to the amino acids. 16. A nonsense mutation changes an amino acid to a stop codon. 17. Nondisjunction occurs during meiosis and changes the chromosome number of the daughter cells. 18. Cloned DNA will produce DNA with the same exact sequence of bases. Genetics Need-to-Know Biology Types of Inheritance- be able to complete a punnett square for these types of problems. For examples, see the “Genetic Crosses” packet. Codominance is a type of inheritance where both alleles show equally and separately. Example – checkered chickens have black and white feathers. Incomplete dominance is a type of inheritance where the heterozygote is a blend of the two alleles. Example – pink carnations (mix of red and white) Multiple alleles refers to a type of inheritance where more than two alleles exist for a trait. Example - human blood types have 3 alleles; rabbit fur has 6 alleles A sex-linked trait is a trait that is determined by genes on the X or Y chromosome. Example – color-blindness is on the X chromosome A polygenic trait is a trait that is determined by a combination of genes. Example- human height; skin color