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Chapter 5 Heredity Section 2 Genetics Since Mendel Incomplete dominance When the offspring of two homozygous parents show an intermediate phenotype. Individuals DO NOT have to exhibit the trait in order for it to appear in their offspring. Multiple Alleles Many traits are controlled by more than 2 alleles. A trait that is controlled by more than two alleles is said to be controlled by multiple alleles. Produce more than 3 phenotypes of that trait. Ex. Blood Type in humans- controlled by 4 alleles. A, B, AB, O O is recessive to both A and B Multiple Alleles Phenotype A blood = genotype AA or AO Phenotype B blood = genotype BB or BO Phenotype O blood = genotype OO Ex. What possible genotypes will the offspring have if the parents’ blood types are O and AB? Answer: AO or BO. Polygenic Inheritance * Eye color is an example of a trait that is produced by a combination of many genes. Polygenic Inheritance Occurs when a group of gene pairs acts together to produce a trait. Ex. Height, color of eyes, and skin Impact of the Environment Genes determine many of your traits Some people may have genes for developing cancer Whether they get the caner or not might depend on external environmental factors. Human Genes and Mutations Mutation Error that occur in DNA Ex. X-rays, radioactive substances Recessive Genetic Disorders Cystic Fibrosis is a homozygous recessive disorder Thick fluid instead of thin fluid lubricates the lungs and intestinal tract. Makes it hard to breathe. Sex Determination XX- Females XY- Males Sex-Linked Disorders Some inherited conditions are linked with the X and Y chromosomes. Sex-linked gene An allele inherited on a sex chromosome. Ex. Color blindness Color blindness- recessive allele on the X chromosome. Males only have one X chromosome so if the allele is on this X chromosome then he will be color-blind. Females have two X chromosomes so the allele would need to be on both X chromosomes for the female to be colorblind. It is more common for boys to be color-blind than girls.