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Leader: Course: Instructor: Date: Exam 1 review Supplemental Instruction Iowa State University Tiffany Biol 212 (1) Powell-Coffman 01/30/2011 1. Define and rank from strongest (1)weakest (4) 2. Ionic bond= 2 atoms are so unequal in electronegativity that one atom steals an electron from another atom (example NaCl) 1.Covalent bond= a bond where two electrons are shared between two atoms Polar= unequal sharing of electrons Non-polar=equal sharing of electrons 4.Van der Waals= weakest bond 3.Hydrogen bond= a hydrogen covalently bound to one electronegative atom is attracted to another electronegative atom (such as N or O) 2. covalent bonds Hydrogen bonds Label the two different bonds demonstrated in this diagram of water molecules. Which part of water is more electronegative (label)? (Answer- the oxygen which is red-colored) Which bonds will break when water vaporizes (label with an arrow)? 3. What do you expect would happen if these molecules were added to a solution of water? Why? Are these molecules relatively polar or non-polar? Hydrophilic or hydrophobic? They would most likely group together because they are non-polar and hydrophobic (water-fearing). 4. How will the molecule on the left affect a solution of water? a. b. c. d. e. It would make it more basic and raise pH It would make it more acidic and lower pH It would make it more basic and lower pH It would make it more acidic and raise pH Supplemental Instruction 1060 Hixson-Lied Student Success Center 294-6624 www.si.iastate.edu Leader: Course: Instructor: Date: Exam 1 review Supplemental Instruction Iowa State University Tiffany Biol 212 (1) Powell-Coffman 01/30/2011 5. Will something basic lower or raise pH when added to solution? How about something acidic? Would a basic or acidic solution have a higher concentration of H+?OH-? Something basic would raise pH, something acidic would lower pH. A basic solution will have a higher concentration of OH- and an acidic solution will have a higher concentration of H+ 6. Fill in the chart. For each of the pictured monomers, label the components. Monomer Polymer Name of bond/linkage connecting monomers Nucleotide DNA, RNA Phosphodiester linkage monosaccharide polysaccharide Glycosidic linkages Amino acid Protein/peptide Peptide bond 7. What do the following diagrams represent? What types of monomers are made into polymers by the diagram on the left? __________dehydration reaction____ _______hydrolysis____________ Monosaccharides, nucleotides, and amino acids are joined to form their respective polymers by dehydration reactions. 8. For the following 4 amino acids, circle the carboxyl group, place a box around the R group, and place a triangle around the amino group. Label each as Polar, non-polar, acidic, or basic and identify what about the R group makes it that way. ____acidic, polar__ b/c of COOH group ______non-polar__ b/c of C-H bonds ___ ___polar____ b/c of O (high electroneg.) __basic, polar___ dbl bound NH can accept an H+ Supplemental Instruction 1060 Hixson-Lied Student Success Center 294-6624 www.si.iastate.edu Leader: Course: Instructor: Date: Exam 1 review Supplemental Instruction Iowa State University Tiffany Biol 212 (1) Powell-Coffman 01/30/2011 9. Draw a phospholipid and label the hydrophobic and hydrophilic areas. How are phospholipids essential to cell structure? **Phospholipids make up the cell membrane! Label the following levels of protein structure. What distinguishes each structure? _______tertiary_____ ______quaternary___ ____primary___ secondary ( alpha helix) interactions between R groups complex of multiple proteins sequence of amino acids Hydrogen bonding to form alpha helix or beta sheet 10. Fill in the blanks Cellular structure Nucleus Function(s) Control center of cell, stores DNA In eukaryotes? Yes In prokaryotes? no ER Smooth-synthesizes lipids, steroids Rough- proteins are synthesized Translate mRNA into protein Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Microtubules Stores, modifies and sends out proteins to other places in cell in vesicles Destroys worn out organelles and old cell material, is acidic Moves things from place to place in cell Yes No Actin Enables cell movement Yes No Plasma membrane Semipermeable barrier of cell Yes Yes Mitochondria Where cellular respiration occurs yes No Ribosomes Golgi Lysosome Supplemental Instruction 1060 Hixson-Lied Student Success Center 294-6624 www.si.iastate.edu Exam 1 review Supplemental Instruction Iowa State University Leader: Course: Instructor: Date: Tiffany Biol 212 (1) Powell-Coffman 01/30/2011 11. Illustrate and explain the difference between an allosteric and a competitive enzyme regulator An allosteric regulator will bind to an enzyme at a place other than the active site and increase or decrease the protein’s activity by this binding. A competitive inhibitor will bind to the active site of an enzyme (where the substrate or reactant would usually bind) and prevent the substrate from being able to bind and thus decrease the activity of the enzyme. 12. According to Professor Powell-Coffman, cell death will occur after 3-6minutes of hypoxia (no oxygen) Why is this? Why is oxygen so important to us?(Hint: what is it’s role during cellular respiration) During oxidative phosphorylation (third step of cellular respiration), oxygen is reduced in order to generate ATP, which is used to power cellular work. In the absence of oxygen, the cell cannot produce enough needed ATP to perform vital functions. 13. Describe what the electron transport chain and ATP synthase do. Where do these occur? The electron transport chain establishes a proton (H+) gradient across the mitochondrial membrane which has potential energy The ATPsynthase uses the potential energy from the electron transport chain to generate ATP (which will be later used to do cellular work!). 14. What is the chemiosmotic theory? An electrochemical gradient has potential energy that can be harnessed to do work in a cell 15. What are some ways that a cell adapts to low oxygen levels? Pyruvate levels increase, fermentation increases, and increased synthesis of glucose transporters (which bring glucose into the cell) 16. What is the general formula for photosynthesis? for cellular respiration? Why can plants undergo photosynthesis but animals can’t? How does photosynthesis sustain ecosystems? Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O 6O2 + C6H12O6 Cellular respiration: 6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O Plants have chloroplasts (where photosynthesis occurs) but animals don’t. Photosynthesis sustains ecosystems by converting solar energy to chemical energy and building complex organic molecules from CO 2 17. What is phosphofructokinase(PFK)? What are some inhibitors of PFK? It is an enzyme that regulates step 3 of glycolysis Citrate and ATP are inhibitors of PFK Supplemental Instruction 1060 Hixson-Lied Student Success Center 294-6624 www.si.iastate.edu