Download Chapter 1 - Humble ISD

Name __________________________________________________________________________ Period________________
BIOLOGY FALL SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW PACKET 2010
DUE _______________________________
Unit 1 – Introduction to Biology
1. Define science. An organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world
2. Define biology. **Study of life**
3. List the 8 characteristics of life.
1. **made of cells**
2. **respond to their environment**
3. **grow & develop**
4. **obtain & use energy**
5. maintain homeostasis
6. based on a universal genetic code
7. reproduce - *important to survival of species, not organism itself*
8. evolve
4. HOMEOSTASIS is the process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment.
5. Metabolism is the combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or
breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes.
6. A weak bond in which electrons are transferred is a(n) hydrogen bond
7. In a covalent bond , electrons are shared between two atoms. Is this a weak or strong bond?
8. Define “molecule” and give an example.
Substance that is formed when electrons are shared between atoms in covalent bonding.
9. A Polymer is a very large molecule consisting of repeated linked units.
10. The building blocks of a polymer are called monomers.
11. Complete the chart:
Macro(Bio)molecule
Group
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Monomer
Function
Examples
**Amino acids**
Provide energy, part of cell
structures
**Used for insulation, protection, and
energy storage**
Support, energy, cell transport
Glucose, fructose,
galactose
Phospholipids,
steroid, cholesterol
Enzymes, antibodies
nucleotide
**Stores genetic information**
DNA, RNA
Monosaccharide
NONE
12. __Enzymes____________ are proteins that catalyze almost every important chemical reaction in living things.
Unit 2 – Introduction to The Cell
1. Which scientist stacked lenses on top of each other to view living things?
Leewonhoek
2. Which scientist first named the cell? Robert Hooke
3. What are the three parts of the cell theory?
a. All living things composed of cells
b. Cells are the smallest, basic unit of life
c. All cells come from pre-existing cells
4. Which microscope has more than one lens and is the type we use? Compound Light
5. Identify the purpose and location of the following microscope parts:
a. diaphragm (7)
b. coarse adjustment knob (12)
c. fine adjustment knob (13)
d. eyepiece (9)
e. revolving nosepiece (2)
f. stage (11)
g. clips (6)
h. light source (8)
6. Cells that contain a true nucleus are known as Eukaryotic cells; cells that do not contain a true nucleus
are called Prokaryotic cells.
7. Give the meaning of the following prefixes and suffixes:
Pro- before
mono- one
macro - large
multi- many
Micro- small, tiny
poly- many
eu- true
di- two
bio- life
uni- one
ology – study of
tri- three
hetero - different
auto - own
8. Provide the name for each structure described below.
a. Control center of eukaryotic cell Nucleus
b. Dense region within the nucleus that is the site of ribosome assembly Nucleolus
c. Fine strands of DNA wrapped in protein (form of DNA during interphase) Chromatin
d. Cell gel Cytosol
e. Sites where proteins are assembled Ribosomes
f.
Network of membranes where proteins are processed & transported; ribosomes may be attached Rough ER
g. Protein packaging center Golgi Apparatus
h. Sac-like membranes in animal cells filled with enzymes that disinfect & recycle Lysosomes
i.
Supporting framework of cells; made of protein Cytoskeleton
j.
Sacs for storage; especially prominent in plant cells Vacuoles
k. Produces ATP energy from the chemical fuel of glucose Mitochondria
l.
Site of photosynthesis; converts energy from the sun to glucose Chloroplasts
m. Boundary found in all cells; determines what can enter and leave Cell Membrane
n. Play a role in cell division in animal cells only ____centrioles________
9. Identify which cell is the plant cell and which cell is the animal cell. Use the terms from question 8 to label each cell.
Unit 3 – Classification
1. The science of classifying and assigning organisms a scientific name is known as Taxonomy
2. The 2-word naming system developed by Linnaeus is called Binomial Nomenclature
3. Organizing objects into groups based on similarities is known as Classification
4. The scientific name for an organism consists of the Genus and species. The genus is always CAPITALIZED and the
species is not. Both words are Underlined or italicized.
5. A dichotomous key is a tool that uses specific characteristics to identify an organism.
6. List the seven levels of classification from broadest to most specific.
 Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species
7. Which two domains are prokaryotic? Archaebacteria & Eubacteria
8. Which kingdoms belong to domain Eukarya? Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protista
9. In which kingdom(s) do all organisms always have cell walls? Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Plantae, Fungi
May have cells walls? Protista
Never have cell walls? Animalia
10. Which kingdoms are strictly heterotrophic? Animalia, Fungi
Strictly autotrophic? Plantae
Unit 3, continued – A Closer Look at Plants
1. List four characteristics of all plants.

multicellular

autotrophic

Cell Wall

Chloroplasts
2. What group of plants lack vascular tissue? Bryophytes (mosses, etc.)
Contain vascular tissue? Tracheophytes
3. What group of plants has cones? Gymnosperms
4. What group of plants produces fruits and flowers? Angiosperms
5. The waxy covering of a leaf that minimizes water loss is called the cuticle
6. Define:
a. xylem-transports water and minerals from roots
b. phloem-transports glucose from leaves
7. Describe the function of each:
a. roots-stores water and minerals
b. stem-transports water and minerals to leaves
c. leaves-photosynthesis
8. What is a seed? What are the advantages of seeds? Dormancy, dispersal, survival, protection, nourishment
9. Identify the following structures:
A. petal
B. anther
C. stamen
D. filament
E. ovule
F. style
G. pistil
H. pollen grain
I.
stigma
10. Identify the following structures:
A. cuticle
B. Palisade mesophyll
C. Spongy mesophyll
D. epidermis
E. stomata
F.
vein
G. Guard cells
11. Identify the function of the following:
a) Cuticle-prevent water loss
b) Epidermis-prevents injury and infection
c) Palisade Mesophyll- primary site of photosynthesis
d) Spongy Mesophyll-exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide
e) Stomata-allows carbon dioxide to enter and oxygen to escape
f) Guard Cells-preserves balance for gas exchange without losing too much water
12. Describe characteristics of:
a. monocot-parallel venation in leaves, petals in 3’s, fibrous roots
b. dicots-pinnate venation in leaves, petals in 4’s or 5’s, taproot
Unit 4 – Introduction to Ecology
1. Define ecology-study of interaction between living and non-living environment
2. The combined portions of the Earth in which all life exists is known as the biosphere
3. List and define the levels of organization beginning with species and ending with biosphere.

Species

Populations

Community

Ecosystem

Biosphere
4. What is the ultimate source of energy for life on earth? SUN
5. Define the following terms:
a. producer-autotroph
b. consumer-heterotroph, organisms that must consume other organisms in order to obtain energy
c. herbivore-plants only
d. carnivore-eats other animals
e. omnivore-consumes variety (all)
f. decomposers-breaks down and recycles dead material
6. Define and give examples of:
a. biotic-living factors
b. abiotic-non living factors
7. Define the terms, autotroph (SELF-FEEDING) and heterotroph (Feeds on other organisms).
Ex. Of a relationship between the two is a zebra eating grass
8. Write the equation for cellular respiration. Where does it take place in a eukaryotic cell?
C6H12O6 + 6 O2  6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 36 ATP
Mitochondria
9. Write the equation for photosynthesis. Where does it occur in a plant cell?
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Sunlight  C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Chloroplasts
10. Explain the process of nitrogen fixation. Why is it important? What group of organisms are involved?
Processs by which nitrogen in the atmosphere is converted into ammonia. Converts nitrogen into a useable
form for plants. Bacteria perform this process.
11. A Food Web is a diagram representing the transfer of energy as one organism eats another.
12. A Food Chain links all the food chains in an ecosystem together.
13. Each step in a food chain or food web is known as a(n) trophic level
14. How much energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next? 10%
15. The role an organism plays in its habitat is known as its Niche
16. Define the following terms:
a) Mutualism-both parties benefit
b) Commensalism-1 benefit, the other is neither helped or harmed
c) Parasitism-1 benefits, 1 is harmed
Unit 6 – The Working Cell
1. The molecule that provides useable energy to the cell is ATP.
2. ATP’s energy is stored in the Mitochondria
3. Define aerobic (with oxygen). Define anaerobic (without oxygen).
4. Which energy pathway is aerobic? Which energy pathway is anaerobic?
Kreb’s Cycle
Fermentation
5. What are the two types of fermentation? What type occurs in human muscle cells?
Lactic Acid & Alcoholic
Lactic Acid
6. Since the cell membrane allows certain substances to pass through and prevents others from passing through, it is said
to be Selectively Permeable
7. A type of transport across the membrane that requires no energy expenditure by the cell is called Passive transport. If
energy is required, it is called Active transport.
8. The three types of passive transport are Diffusion, Osmosis, & Facilitative Diffusion
9. The movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane is Osmosis
10. A type of active transport in which a cell expels substances is called Exocytosis. When substances are brought
in, it is called Endocytosis.
Unit 7 – Cell Division
1. The period of time from the beginning of one cell division to the beginning of the next is called the Cell Cycle
2. During which part of interphase does the cell’s DNA make a copy of itself? S Phase - Replication
3. The division of the cytoplasm that occurs at the end of mitosis is known as Cytokinesis
4. Asexual cell division in eukaryotes is known as
5. Cancer is a group of diseases in which cells lose the ability to control growth.
6. Give two reasons cells divide: Growth & Repair
7. Identify the phase of mitosis being described:
a) Sister chromatids are pulled apart toward opposite ends of the cell as the spindle fibers shorten ANAPHASE
b) Chromosomes are at opposite ends of the cell: spindle begins to break apart; nuclear membrane reforms
TELOPHASE
c) Shortest phase in which chromosomes line up across the center of the cell. METAPHASE
Chromosomes become thick and visible, nucleolus disappears, nuclear membrane disintegrates PROPHASE
8. G1, S, and G2 phases are all part of INTERPHASE
9. Define the following:
a. Centrioles
b. Centromere-protein region that joins sister chromatids
c. Spindle-Protein network responsible for pulling chromatids apart in anaphase.
10. Use the word bank below to identify the structures indicated.
interphase
prophase
metaphase
telophase
spindle
sister chromatid
centriole
centromere
nuclear membrane
anaphase
chromosome
Unit 8 - DNA
1. What are the monomers of DNA? nucleotides
2. List the three parts of #1.
 Phosphate group
 Sugar (Deoxyribose)
 Nitrogen Base (A, T, G, C)
3. Which scientists did X-ray diffraction of DNA? Rosalind Franklin
4. Which scientists discovered the shape of the DNA molecule? Watson & Crick
5. What is the shape of DNA? Double Helix
6. What is Chargaff’s rule?
% of A = % of T
% of G = % of C
7. Use base pairing rules to find the complementary strand:
TATGCCGAA ATACGGCTT
8. DNA is copied in a process called DNA Replication
9. Identify the structures indicated: