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McElhaney Point Loma High 2009-2010 Coon, Dennis. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior (Ninth Edition) Chapter 1 Introduction to Psychology and Research Methods pg.12 Part 1 due September 16 Definition of Psychology Function of psychologists + (problem solving) Process of Psychological Research Empiricism Overt and Covert Behavior 4 Basic principles of Critical Thinking Pg 15-16 Research Specialties –Label and define Goals of psychology Basic Questions of psychology Note Psychology’s Family Album: * = special emphasis (know these Wilhelm Wundt-1879 (Introspection) guys… Edward Titchner- 1880s (Structuralism) William James- 1890 (Functionalism) *John B. Watson- 1958 (Behaviorism) *B. F. Skinner- 1950s + (Operant Conditioning- Cognitive Behaviorism) *Max Wertheimer- 1920-40 (Gestalt psychology “The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.”) *Sigmund Freud -1900-1939 (Psycho-analysis) Neo-Freudians: Adler Horney Jung Rank Erikson *Carl Rogers and *Abraham Maslow -1950-70 (Humanistic Psychology) Define the Five ways to look at Behavior: Psychodynamic Behavioristic Humanistic Bio-psychological Cognitive What’s the difference between Psychologist and Psychiatrist? Pg 26-28 1 McElhaney Point Loma High 2009-2010 Coon, Dennis. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior (Ninth Edition) Chapter 1 Introduction to Psychology and Research Methods (Continued) Part 2 due September 21 Outline the Scientific Method pg. 31-32 Psych Research: Naturalistic Observation Observer effect Observation Bias Anthropomorphic Error Correlational Studies Correlational Coefficient Summarize a typical Psychology Experiment Experimental Group Control Group Independent Variables Dependent Variables Extraneous Variables Why is replication important? Meta-analysis Placebo Effect Single Blind Experiment Double Blind Experiment Experimenter Effect What should be considered regarding surveys? How should studies and evidence be evaluated? (page 44) Describe Pseudo-PsychologyRead “A Step Beyond”- What are the considerations regarding Ethics in studies? 2 McElhaney Point Loma High 2009-2010 Coon, Dennis. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior (Ninth Edition) Chapter 2 Brain and Behavior Pg. 56 Part 1 Bio-psychologist Brain Mapping Neurons Draw a picture of a neuron: Define and label the following: Dendrites Soma Axon Axon Terminals Myelin Sheath Outline the Nerve Impulse Threshold Nerve Impulse-Action Potential What is the role of chemistry/chemicals in the neuron? Draw an enlarged synapse- label and define the following: Neurotransmitters Synapse Receptors List some of the neurotransmitters Endorphins Outline the Peripheral Nervous System: Somatic systems Autonomic System Sympathetic Parasympathetic Central Nervous System Components of the Spinal Cord What is a reflex arc and how does it work? Sensory Neuron Motor Neuron Define Bio-psychology Clinical Study Ablation Electrical stimulation of brain may cause what behaviors? What are the following and what functions do they serve? EEG, CT Scan, MRI, P.E.T. Scan, 3 McElhaney Point Loma High 2009-2010 Coon, Dennis. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior (Ninth Edition) Chapter 2 Brain and Behavior Pg. 68 Part 2 What is the Cerebral Cortex? Cerebrum Cerebellum Cerebral Hemispheres Corpus Callosum Create a chart of Hemisphere specialization List functions of various lobes Occipital lobes Parietal lobes Temporal lobes Wernicke’s Area Frontal lobes Motor Cortex Aphasia Broca’s Area Draw a picture and label the areas of the brain and functions. 73 Hindbrain Reticular formation Outline the functions: Thalamus Hypothalamus Limbic system Hippocampus Endocrine System Hormones Androgens Pituitary gland Pineal gland Thyroid gland Adrenal glands Epinephrine Nor-epinephrine What do we need to know about brain hemisphere dominance? Brain Plasticity- What is it? 4 McElhaney Point Loma High 2009-2010 Coon, Dennis. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior (Ninth Edition) Chapter 5 “Sensation and Reality” page 174 Part 1 1. Data Reduction Systems (DRS) What do they do? 2. Tranducers 3. Sensory Analysis- Select, Analyze and Filter 4. Phosphenes 5. Sensory localization 6. How are Psycho Physics and Absolute Threshold associated? 7. How are Just Noticeable Difference (JND) and Weber’s Law Associated? 8. Describe perceptual defense 9. Limen 10. Subliminal Perception AP Outline 11. Wavelengths of Light = Visible Spectrum Threshold 12. Identify properties/function of Anatomy of the Eye: Absolute Threshold Lens Difference Threshold Retina Physical, Psychological, and Cornea physiological variables Fovea affected by thresholds Optic Nerve Iris Signal Detection Theories Pupil Absolute Threshold Theory Aqueous Humor Vitreous Humor Sensory Receptors Ciliary Muscle Transduce of energy for Sclera nervous system Cones Anatomy, Rods Function, 13. How do eye muscles help people see? Eye and ear 14. What are common characteristics related to visual defects? Color theories of vision 15. Visual Acuity 16. Peripheral Vision 17. Theories of Color vision: 18. Trichromatic and Opponent Process theories 19. Colorblindness 20. Ishihara Test 21. What is the role of Rods and cones in Light/Dark Adaptation Audition Perceptual acuity Sensory adaptation Sensory disorders Deafness Colorblindness 5 McElhaney Point Loma High 2009-2010 Coon, Dennis. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior (Ninth Edition) Chapter 5 “Sensation and Reality” page 174 Part 2 1. How do people hear? Describe the stimulus for hearing. 2. Frequency 3. Amplitude 4. Anatomy of the Ear and hearing process: a. Pinna b. Tympanic Membrane c. Auditory Ossicles: Hammer, Anvil and Stirrup d. Cochlea e. Auditory Nerve f. Corti 5. Frequency Theory 6. Place Theory 7. Compare two types of Deafness (make a chart) 8. Tinnitus 9. Why are these known as chemical senses? 10. Sense of Smell = Olfaction Sense of Taste = Gustation 11. Anosmia 12. Lock and Key Theory 13. Pheromones 14. Taste- what’s it all about- be brief 15. Somesthetic Senses 16. Kinesthetic Senses 17. Vestibular Senses 18. Pain Reception 19. Small nerve fibers and Large nerve fibers 20. Vestibular system and balance… 21. How can people control pain? 22. Sensory Gates 6 McElhaney Point Loma High 2009-2010 Coon, Dennis. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior (Ninth Edition) Chapter 6 Perceiving The World Part 1. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Perceptual Constancies Shape Constancy and Size Constancy How is perception empirical? What is perception? Perceptual Organization – Contrasts and Figure Ground perception 7. Gestalt Principles (6 of them) 8. Perceptual hypothesis 9. Camouflage 10. How do we create perceptual hypotheses? 11. How are perceptions ambiguous? 12. Depth Perception (What is it?): 13. Visual Cliff 14. Muscular cues 15. Stereoscopic Vision Outline AP Focus Perception involves interpretation of the raw materials provided by the senses. People interact with the environment to organize experiential data. There are perceptual constancies that create perceptual stability. There are perceptual constancies that create perceptual stability. Three dimensional world can be created in a two dimensional retinal image Perception of Motion *** The Role of experience and culture affects perception Familiar and unfamiliar patterns Perception can be learned Attention Perceptual Processes 16. Pictorial Depth Cues (what are they? How do they work?) 17. Stereoscopic vision 18. Retinal Disparity 19. Pictorial Views of Depth 20. How does perceptual learning function? 21. Ames Room 22. Perceptual features 23. Size Distance Invariance 24. Selective Attention and Divided Attention how are they different? 25. What factors of perception would a psychologist of advertising want to use? 26. Habituation and adaptation- how are they similar? 27. Orientation Responses- How do you know people are receptive to stimuli? 28. How are perceptual expectancies important? 7 McElhaney Point Loma High 2009-2010 Coon, Dennis. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior (Ninth Edition) Chapter 15 Health, Stress, and Coping pg. 548-582 1. Big Picture definition and significance of stress2. Health – A. Behavior Health Risks B. Risk Factors C. Significance Chart Causes of Death page 550 D. Significance Pg 550 Chart High School Risky behavior E. Disease prone F. Health Promoting Behaviors G. Early Prevention 3. Stress A. Reinforce definition of stress and types of stress Eustress B. Biology and Stress- Autonomic nervous system C. Significance table Pg 554- Signs + symptoms of stress D. Role of Stressor and pressure E. Occupation and Burnout- how to prevent burnout F. Lazarus research and appraising stress 4. Coping A. Types of coping- problem focused and Emotion focused B. Frustration- external and Personal C. Reactions to Frustration- Hostility, Aggression, Displaced Aggression D. Conflicts- 4 basic forms- Approach-Approach, Avoidance-Avoidance, ApproachAvoidance, Multiple Conflicts E. Anxiety- Definition Defense mechanisms F. Denial, Repression, Reaction Formation, G. Regression, projection, Rationalization H. Compensation, Sublimation I. Learned Helplessness, Depression, role of hope J. Psychosomatic illness K. Type A and B personalities L. General Adaptation syndrome, alarm reaction, resistance, reaction M. Stress and the Immune System (what should we know) 5. Psychology in ActionA. What are the recommended ways to manage stress? B. Which are the best in your opinion? C. Pg 580- Summarize the wisdom of: “Coping with Frustration and Conflict” 8 McElhaney Point Loma High 2009-2010 Coon, Dennis. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior (Ninth Edition) Chapter 3 Child Development = Developmental Psychology page 92-133 Part 1 due Developmental Psychology Outline the Nature vs. Nurture Debate DNA + Genes as related to behavior Human Growth SequenceKnow the period and description of each Example: prenatal…adolescence Why is Prenatal a sensitive period? (Teratogens) Fetal Vulnerability Fetal Alcohol Syndrome What do parents need to know about a healthy pregnancy? Lamaze- how doe this work psychologically? Physiology of a new born brain What can be understood about: deprivation and enhanced stimulation? List and describe-Neonate Inborn behaviors What do we need to know about Emotional Development Patterns? Social Referencing Konrad Lorenz- and Imprinting and infants Separation anxiety/Disorder IX. Developmental Psychology (7–9%) A. Life-Span Approach B. Research Methods (e.g., longitudinal, cross-sectional) C. Heredity-Environment Issues D. Developmental Theories E. Dimensions of Development: 1. Physical 2. Cognitive 3. Social 4. Moral F. Sex Roles, Sex Differences Attachments and how to promote secure attachments Harry Harlow and Baby Monkey Study Contact Comfort Breast Feeding and psych Optimal Caregiving-Maternal and Paternal influences Diana Baumrind and Parenting StylesSpanking: is it ok? Which type of discipline has most potential for damage? Outline Language Development and maturation Noam Chomsky vs critics Cognitive Development and Jean Piaget Piaget Stages Piaget and parenting Piaget Criticism Vygotsky-Social Cultural theory and Zone of Proximal Development Scaffolding Effective Parenting (page 126) Our parents Ingredients Problems 9 McElhaney Point Loma High 2009-2010 Coon, Dennis. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior (Ninth Edition) Chapter 4 from Birth to Death: Life-Span Development 136 Part 1 Due WED 1. Summarize Erik Erikson’s background and theory 2. Erikson’s Developmental Life Stages- identify and list the Dilemma 3. List and identify problems of Childhood Over Protection Sibling Rivalry IX. Developmental Psychology (7– Childhood Rebellion 9%) Effects of divorce on children Toilet Training G. Life-Span Approach Overeating H. Research Methods (e.g., longitudinal, Anorexia Nervousacross-sectional) Delayed Speech I. Heredity-Environment Issues ADHD and causes, treatment J. Developmental Theories Autism K. Dimensions of Development: 4. Types of child abuse. 1. Physical 5. What are the causes of child abuse? 2. Cognitive Abuse Cycle 3. Social 6. Preventing Child Abuse 4. Moral 7. Describe issues regarding early maturation L. Sex Roles, Sex Differences 8. Identify the major characteristics of Adolescence? Identity Formation What is Elkind’s theory? Do you have any parent conflicts> Part 2 Due Friday 9. Outline Kohlberg’s ideas Pre-conventional Conventional Post Conventional 10. Gould and Adult development Escape from dominance Building a workable life Crises of questions Crisis of urgency Attaining Stability Mid-life crisis 11. List 6 elements of well being 12. Outline ideas of Kubler-Ross- “Death and dieing” Denial+Isolation Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance What should we know about Bereavement and Grief? 169-71Read Approaching DeathNew Pathways… 10 McElhaney Point Loma High 2009-2010 Coon, Dennis. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior (Ninth Edition) Chapter 8 Learning Key idea: Principles of learning can be used to: Understand behavior Manage behavior What is a basic definition conditioning? What is a basic definition of learning? Define: Reinforcement Antecedent Response Consequence Outline everything in this chapter dealing with: Classical Conditioning Role of association in conditioning Pavlov Neutral stimulus (NS) Unconditioned stimulus (US) Conditioned stimulus (CS) Unconditioned Response (UR) Conditioned Response (CR) How does Classical Conditioning occur? Acquisition Higher Orders Conditioning- learning by association Expectancies Extinction and Spontaneous recovery Generalization Discrimination Stimulus Discrimination Conditioned Emotional Response Learned Fears and Phobias Operant Conditioning How are responses reinforced? Thorndike – Law of Effect Summarize what is meant by Voluntary responses Positive Reinforcement Operant Reinforcer Skinner Box Shaping and approximations How does Operant Extinction work? Negative Attention Seeking Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement Punishment Learning Difference between learned and unlearned behavior Classical Conditioning Operant conditioning Skinner, Pavlov Acquisition Extinction Spontaneous recovery Generalization Discrimination Higher-order conditioning Effects of reinforcement and punishment Reinforcement and omission training Behavior modification Active and passive avoidance Cognitive Processes Social Learning Practice, schedules, delay of reinforcement, motivation Graphs used to show results of experiments Principles of learning and practical applications Emotional learning Taste aversion Coping versus helplessness Biofeedback Self control Biological Factors Biological constraints of learning Insight Latent learning Social learning 11 McElhaney Point Loma High 2009-2010 Coon, Dennis. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior (Ninth Edition) Operant Reinforcers- Primary Reinforcers, Secondary Reinforcers, Token Reinforcers Social Reinforcers Schedules of Partial Reinforcement Fixed Ratio Variable Ratio Fixed interval Variable interval Punishment and variables affecting punishment Read and identify the 3 most important considerations to “If you must punish here’s how?”pg 315 Side effects of punishment Summarize issues related to Escape Avoidance and Aggression Define the following aspects of Cognitive Learning: Cognitive Maps Latent Learning Discovery Learning Modeling (Bandura) Observational Learning Imitating Models Modeling and Television and Aggression 12 McElhaney Point Loma High 2009-2010 Coon, Dennis. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior (Ninth Edition) Chapter 7 States of Consciousness Pages 250-290 “To be conscious is to be aware.” “The cerebral Cortex is the seat of human consciousness” Reading Notes focus on the following: Part 1 1. What is Consciousness? 2. (Know a strong definition) 3. Waking Consciousness 4. Describe altered states of Consciousness (ASC) 5. How does culture impact the interpretation of consciousness? 6. Sleep- is an innate biological rhythm 7. What should you do if you micro-sleep while driving? 8. Sleep Deprivation and Sleep deprivation psychosis 9. What is the basic sleep pattern and what are the factors associated with it? 10. How many hours do most people sleep? 11. EEG and sleep 12. Brain waves in sleep, Alpha, Beta, Sleep spindles, Hypnic Jerk, Delta Waves, Theta Waves 13. Outline the Stages of sleep: 1,2,3,4, 14. REM and NREM Sleep 15. Sleep Disturbances: Insomnia, Sleepwalking, Nightmares, Night Terrors 16. Chronic insomnia 17. Stimulus control 18. How might someone end a recurring nightmare? 19. Narcolepsy, Sleep Apnea 20. Calvin Hall and Dreams 21. Freud’s Psychodynamic Dream Theory and wish fulfillment 22. Hobson and McCarley-The Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis Part 2 23. Mesmer 24. What are the essential elements of hypnotism process? 25. How can hypnotism by useful? 26. Sensory deprivation how is it achieved and what are its purposes? 27. Hypnagogic Waves Drug Altered Consciousness – Psychoactive Drugs 28. How do drugs affect the Brain? 29. Two types of dependence 30. Drug Tolerance 31. List the pattern of abuse= drug taking behavior 32. List stimulants and depressantschoose 2 of your favorites in each category and note things you learn 33. Barbiturates do what? 34. Read about alcohol- are you on path to a drinking problem? AP Outline Definitions What is consciousness? Sleep Stages of REM Stages of Non-REM Sleep Functions of Sleep Dysfunctions of Sleep Theories of Sleep Dreaming Variations of Consciousness Hypnosis Meditation Daydreaming Psychoactive Drug Effects on consciousness Narcotics Depressants Stimulants Hallucinogens Review items: Piaget Erikson Aggression theory Visual after image Functions and Parts of the brainmotor cortex, sensory cortex, temporal loge, occipital lobe, parietal lobe Cerebellum Limbic System Reticular Activating System Parasympathetic Nervous system Research Methods Survey Case Study Experimentation Correlation study Social Psychology Developmental Psychology Clinical Psychology Acuity, Adaptation, Habituation 13 McElhaney Point Loma High 2009-2010 Coon, Dennis. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior (Ninth Edition) (see page 278) 35. Review Hallucinogens, how do they work on the brain and which are most widely used? 36. Read Psychology in Action 14 McElhaney Point Loma High 2009-2010 Coon, Dennis. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior (Ninth Edition) A Step Beyond: page 286 Drug Abuse: Why do people use drugs? Curiosity, Peer pressure to belong Escape Feelings of inadequacy… Best predictor of adolescent drug use and abuse: Having friends who use drugs Parental drug use Delinquency Troubled family life Poor self esteem Social nonconformity Stressful life changes Taking drugs is a symptom of maladjustment- not necessarily a cause. Description of adolescents who use drugs: Maladjusted Alienated Impulsive Emotionally distressed Anti-social behavior School failure Risky sexual behavior People use drugs to cope with life Drugs produce immediate feelings of pleasure “Feel good on demand” Consequences are delayed This dynamic creates a compulsion to take drugs Lifestyle problems result from the habit and effects of the drug use 15