Download Why do people use drugs?

McElhaney
Point Loma High
2009-2010
Coon, Dennis. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior (Ninth Edition)
Chapter 1 Introduction to Psychology and Research Methods pg.12
Part 1 due September 16
Definition of Psychology
Function of psychologists + (problem solving)
Process of Psychological Research
Empiricism
Overt and Covert Behavior
4 Basic principles of Critical Thinking
Pg 15-16 Research Specialties –Label and define
Goals of psychology
Basic Questions of psychology
Note Psychology’s Family Album:
* = special emphasis (know these
Wilhelm Wundt-1879 (Introspection)
guys…
Edward Titchner- 1880s (Structuralism)
William James- 1890 (Functionalism)
*John B. Watson- 1958 (Behaviorism)
*B. F. Skinner- 1950s + (Operant Conditioning- Cognitive Behaviorism)
*Max Wertheimer- 1920-40 (Gestalt psychology “The whole is greater than the sum
of its parts.”)
*Sigmund Freud -1900-1939 (Psycho-analysis)
Neo-Freudians:
Adler
Horney
Jung
Rank
Erikson
*Carl Rogers and *Abraham Maslow -1950-70 (Humanistic Psychology)
Define the Five ways to look at Behavior:
Psychodynamic
Behavioristic
Humanistic
Bio-psychological
Cognitive
What’s the difference between Psychologist and Psychiatrist? Pg 26-28
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McElhaney
Point Loma High
2009-2010
Coon, Dennis. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior (Ninth Edition)
Chapter 1 Introduction to Psychology and Research Methods (Continued)
Part 2 due September 21
Outline the Scientific Method pg. 31-32
Psych Research:
Naturalistic Observation
Observer effect
Observation Bias
Anthropomorphic Error
Correlational Studies
Correlational Coefficient
Summarize a typical Psychology Experiment
Experimental Group
Control Group
Independent Variables
Dependent Variables
Extraneous Variables
Why is replication important?
Meta-analysis
Placebo Effect
Single Blind Experiment
Double Blind Experiment
Experimenter Effect
What should be considered regarding surveys?
How should studies and evidence be evaluated? (page 44)
Describe Pseudo-PsychologyRead “A Step Beyond”- What are the considerations regarding Ethics in studies?
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McElhaney
Point Loma High
2009-2010
Coon, Dennis. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior (Ninth Edition)
Chapter 2 Brain and Behavior Pg. 56
Part 1
Bio-psychologist
Brain Mapping
Neurons
Draw a picture of a neuron:
Define and label the following:
 Dendrites
 Soma
 Axon
 Axon Terminals
 Myelin Sheath
Outline the Nerve Impulse
Threshold
Nerve Impulse-Action Potential
What is the role of chemistry/chemicals in the neuron?
Draw an enlarged synapse- label and define the following:
 Neurotransmitters
 Synapse
 Receptors
List some of the neurotransmitters
Endorphins
Outline the Peripheral Nervous System:
Somatic systems
Autonomic System
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Central Nervous System
Components of the Spinal Cord
What is a reflex arc and how does it work?
Sensory Neuron
Motor Neuron
Define Bio-psychology
Clinical Study
Ablation
Electrical stimulation of brain may cause what behaviors?
What are the following and what functions do they serve?
EEG, CT Scan, MRI, P.E.T. Scan,
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McElhaney
Point Loma High
2009-2010
Coon, Dennis. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior (Ninth Edition)
Chapter 2 Brain and Behavior Pg. 68
Part 2
What is the Cerebral Cortex?
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Cerebral Hemispheres
Corpus Callosum
Create a chart of Hemisphere specialization
List functions of various lobes
Occipital lobes
Parietal lobes
Temporal lobes
Wernicke’s Area
Frontal lobes
Motor Cortex
Aphasia
Broca’s Area
Draw a picture and label the areas of the brain and functions.
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Hindbrain
Reticular formation
Outline the functions:
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Limbic system
Hippocampus
Endocrine System
Hormones
Androgens
Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Thyroid gland
Adrenal glands
Epinephrine
Nor-epinephrine
What do we need to know about brain hemisphere dominance?
Brain Plasticity- What is it?
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McElhaney
Point Loma High
2009-2010
Coon, Dennis. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior (Ninth Edition)
Chapter 5 “Sensation and Reality” page 174
Part 1
1. Data Reduction Systems (DRS) What do they do?
2. Tranducers
3. Sensory Analysis- Select, Analyze and Filter
4. Phosphenes
5. Sensory localization
6. How are Psycho Physics and Absolute Threshold associated?
7. How are Just Noticeable Difference (JND) and Weber’s Law Associated?
8. Describe perceptual defense
9. Limen
10. Subliminal Perception
AP Outline
11. Wavelengths of Light = Visible Spectrum
Threshold
12. Identify properties/function of Anatomy of the Eye:
Absolute Threshold
Lens
Difference Threshold
Retina
Physical, Psychological, and
Cornea
physiological variables
Fovea
affected by thresholds
Optic Nerve
Iris
Signal Detection Theories
Pupil
Absolute Threshold Theory
Aqueous Humor
Vitreous Humor
Sensory Receptors
Ciliary Muscle
Transduce of energy for
Sclera
nervous system
Cones
Anatomy,
Rods
Function,
13. How do eye muscles help people see?
Eye and ear
14. What are common characteristics related to visual defects?
Color theories of vision
15. Visual Acuity
16. Peripheral Vision
17. Theories of Color vision:
18. Trichromatic and Opponent Process theories
19. Colorblindness
20. Ishihara Test
21. What is the role of Rods and cones in Light/Dark Adaptation
Audition
Perceptual acuity
Sensory adaptation
Sensory disorders
Deafness
Colorblindness
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McElhaney
Point Loma High
2009-2010
Coon, Dennis. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior (Ninth Edition)
Chapter 5 “Sensation and Reality” page 174
Part 2
1. How do people hear? Describe the stimulus for hearing.
2. Frequency
3. Amplitude
4. Anatomy of the Ear and hearing process:
a. Pinna
b. Tympanic Membrane
c. Auditory Ossicles: Hammer, Anvil and Stirrup
d. Cochlea
e. Auditory Nerve
f. Corti
5. Frequency Theory
6. Place Theory
7. Compare two types of Deafness (make a chart)
8. Tinnitus
9. Why are these known as chemical senses?
10. Sense of Smell = Olfaction
Sense of Taste = Gustation
11. Anosmia
12. Lock and Key Theory
13. Pheromones
14. Taste- what’s it all about- be brief
15. Somesthetic Senses
16. Kinesthetic Senses
17. Vestibular Senses
18. Pain Reception
19. Small nerve fibers and Large nerve fibers
20. Vestibular system and balance…
21. How can people control pain?
22. Sensory Gates
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McElhaney
Point Loma High
2009-2010
Coon, Dennis. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior (Ninth Edition)
Chapter 6 Perceiving The World
Part 1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Perceptual Constancies
Shape Constancy and Size Constancy
How is perception empirical?
What is perception?
Perceptual Organization –
Contrasts and Figure Ground perception
7. Gestalt Principles (6 of them)
8. Perceptual hypothesis
9. Camouflage
10. How do we create perceptual hypotheses?
11. How are perceptions ambiguous?
12. Depth Perception (What is it?):
13. Visual Cliff
14. Muscular cues
15. Stereoscopic Vision
Outline AP Focus
 Perception involves interpretation of the
raw materials provided by the senses.
 People interact with the environment to
organize experiential data.
 There are perceptual constancies that
create perceptual stability.
 There are perceptual constancies that
create perceptual stability.
 Three dimensional world can be created in
a two dimensional retinal image
 Perception of Motion
 *** The Role of experience and culture
affects perception
 Familiar and unfamiliar patterns
 Perception can be learned
 Attention
 Perceptual Processes
16. Pictorial Depth Cues (what are they? How do they work?)
17. Stereoscopic vision
18. Retinal Disparity
19. Pictorial Views of Depth
20. How does perceptual learning function?
21. Ames Room
22. Perceptual features
23. Size Distance Invariance
24. Selective Attention and Divided Attention how are they different?
25. What factors of perception would a psychologist of advertising want to use?
26. Habituation and adaptation- how are they similar?
27. Orientation Responses- How do you know people are receptive to stimuli?
28. How are perceptual expectancies important?
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McElhaney
Point Loma High
2009-2010
Coon, Dennis. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior (Ninth Edition)
Chapter 15 Health, Stress, and Coping pg. 548-582
1. Big Picture definition and significance of stress2. Health –
A. Behavior Health Risks
B. Risk Factors
C. Significance Chart Causes of Death page 550
D. Significance Pg 550 Chart High School Risky behavior
E. Disease prone
F. Health Promoting Behaviors
G. Early Prevention
3. Stress
A. Reinforce definition of stress and types of stress Eustress
B. Biology and Stress- Autonomic nervous system
C. Significance table Pg 554- Signs + symptoms of stress
D. Role of Stressor and pressure
E. Occupation and Burnout- how to prevent burnout
F. Lazarus research and appraising stress
4. Coping
A. Types of coping- problem focused and Emotion focused
B. Frustration- external and Personal
C. Reactions to Frustration- Hostility, Aggression, Displaced Aggression
D. Conflicts- 4 basic forms- Approach-Approach, Avoidance-Avoidance, ApproachAvoidance, Multiple Conflicts
E. Anxiety- Definition Defense mechanisms
F. Denial, Repression, Reaction Formation,
G. Regression, projection, Rationalization
H. Compensation, Sublimation
I. Learned Helplessness, Depression, role of hope
J. Psychosomatic illness
K. Type A and B personalities
L. General Adaptation syndrome, alarm reaction, resistance, reaction
M. Stress and the Immune System (what should we know)
5. Psychology in ActionA. What are the recommended ways to manage stress?
B. Which are the best in your opinion?
C. Pg 580- Summarize the wisdom of: “Coping with Frustration and Conflict”
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McElhaney
Point Loma High
2009-2010
Coon, Dennis. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior (Ninth Edition)
Chapter 3 Child Development = Developmental Psychology page 92-133
Part 1 due
Developmental Psychology
Outline the Nature vs. Nurture Debate
DNA + Genes as related to behavior
Human Growth SequenceKnow the period and description of each
Example: prenatal…adolescence
Why is Prenatal a sensitive period? (Teratogens)
Fetal Vulnerability
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
What do parents need to know about a healthy pregnancy?
Lamaze- how doe this work psychologically?
Physiology of a new born brain
What can be understood about: deprivation and enhanced stimulation?
List and describe-Neonate Inborn behaviors
What do we need to know about Emotional Development Patterns?
Social Referencing
Konrad Lorenz- and Imprinting and infants
Separation anxiety/Disorder
IX. Developmental
Psychology (7–9%)
A.
Life-Span Approach
B. Research Methods
(e.g., longitudinal,
cross-sectional)
C. Heredity-Environment
Issues
D. Developmental
Theories
E. Dimensions of
Development:
1. Physical
2. Cognitive
3. Social
4. Moral
F.
Sex Roles, Sex
Differences
Attachments and how to promote secure attachments
Harry Harlow and Baby Monkey Study
Contact Comfort
Breast Feeding and psych
Optimal Caregiving-Maternal and Paternal influences
Diana Baumrind and Parenting StylesSpanking: is it ok?
Which type of discipline has most potential for damage?
Outline Language Development and maturation
Noam Chomsky vs critics
Cognitive Development and Jean Piaget
Piaget Stages
Piaget and parenting
Piaget Criticism
Vygotsky-Social Cultural theory and Zone of Proximal Development
Scaffolding
Effective Parenting (page 126)
Our parents
Ingredients
Problems
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McElhaney
Point Loma High
2009-2010
Coon, Dennis. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior (Ninth Edition)
Chapter 4 from Birth to Death: Life-Span Development 136
Part 1 Due WED
1. Summarize Erik Erikson’s background and theory
2. Erikson’s Developmental Life Stages- identify and list the Dilemma
3. List and identify problems of Childhood
Over Protection
Sibling Rivalry
IX. Developmental Psychology (7–
Childhood Rebellion
9%)
Effects of divorce on children
Toilet Training
G.
Life-Span Approach
Overeating
H. Research Methods (e.g., longitudinal,
Anorexia Nervousacross-sectional)
Delayed Speech
I. Heredity-Environment Issues
ADHD and causes, treatment
J. Developmental Theories
Autism
K. Dimensions of Development:
4. Types of child abuse.
1. Physical
5. What are the causes of child abuse?
2. Cognitive
Abuse Cycle
3. Social
6. Preventing Child Abuse
4. Moral
7. Describe issues regarding early maturation
L.
Sex Roles, Sex Differences
8. Identify the major characteristics of Adolescence?
Identity Formation
What is Elkind’s theory?
Do you have any parent conflicts>
Part 2 Due Friday
9. Outline Kohlberg’s ideas
Pre-conventional
Conventional
Post Conventional
10. Gould and Adult development
Escape from dominance
Building a workable life
Crises of questions
Crisis of urgency
Attaining Stability
Mid-life crisis
11. List 6 elements of well being
12. Outline ideas of Kubler-Ross- “Death and dieing”
Denial+Isolation
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance
What should we know about Bereavement and Grief? 169-71Read Approaching DeathNew Pathways…
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McElhaney
Point Loma High
2009-2010
Coon, Dennis. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior (Ninth Edition)
Chapter 8 Learning
Key idea: Principles of learning can be used to:
 Understand behavior
 Manage behavior
What is a basic definition conditioning?
What is a basic definition of learning?
Define:
Reinforcement
Antecedent
Response
Consequence
Outline everything in this chapter dealing with:
Classical Conditioning
Role of association in conditioning
Pavlov
Neutral stimulus (NS)
Unconditioned stimulus (US)
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Unconditioned Response (UR)
Conditioned Response (CR)
How does Classical Conditioning occur?
Acquisition
Higher Orders Conditioning- learning by association
Expectancies
Extinction and Spontaneous recovery
Generalization
Discrimination
Stimulus Discrimination
Conditioned Emotional Response
Learned Fears and Phobias
Operant Conditioning
How are responses reinforced?
Thorndike – Law of Effect
Summarize what is meant by Voluntary responses
Positive Reinforcement
Operant Reinforcer
Skinner Box
Shaping and approximations
How does Operant Extinction work?
Negative Attention Seeking
Positive Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
Punishment
Learning
 Difference between learned
and unlearned behavior
 Classical Conditioning
 Operant conditioning
 Skinner, Pavlov
 Acquisition
 Extinction
 Spontaneous recovery
 Generalization
 Discrimination
 Higher-order conditioning
 Effects of reinforcement and
punishment
 Reinforcement and
omission training
 Behavior modification
 Active and passive
avoidance
 Cognitive Processes
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Social Learning
Practice, schedules, delay of
reinforcement, motivation
Graphs used to show results
of experiments
Principles of learning and
practical applications
Emotional learning
Taste aversion
Coping versus helplessness
Biofeedback
Self control
Biological Factors
Biological constraints of
learning
Insight
Latent learning
Social learning
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McElhaney
Point Loma High
2009-2010
Coon, Dennis. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior (Ninth Edition)
Operant Reinforcers- Primary Reinforcers, Secondary Reinforcers, Token Reinforcers
Social Reinforcers
Schedules of Partial Reinforcement
Fixed Ratio
Variable Ratio
Fixed interval
Variable interval
Punishment and variables affecting punishment
Read and identify the 3 most important considerations to “If you must punish here’s
how?”pg 315
Side effects of punishment
Summarize issues related to Escape Avoidance and Aggression
Define the following aspects of Cognitive Learning:
Cognitive Maps
Latent Learning
Discovery Learning
Modeling (Bandura)
Observational Learning
Imitating Models
Modeling and Television and Aggression
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McElhaney
Point Loma High
2009-2010
Coon, Dennis. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior (Ninth Edition)
Chapter 7 States of Consciousness Pages 250-290
“To be conscious is to be aware.”
“The cerebral Cortex is the seat of human consciousness”
Reading Notes focus on the following:
Part 1
1. What is Consciousness?
2. (Know a strong definition)
3. Waking Consciousness
4. Describe altered states of Consciousness (ASC)
5. How does culture impact the interpretation of consciousness?
6. Sleep- is an innate biological rhythm
7. What should you do if you micro-sleep while driving?
8. Sleep Deprivation and Sleep deprivation psychosis
9. What is the basic sleep pattern and what are the factors associated
with it?
10. How many hours do most people sleep?
11. EEG and sleep
12. Brain waves in sleep, Alpha, Beta, Sleep spindles, Hypnic Jerk,
Delta Waves, Theta Waves
13. Outline the Stages of sleep: 1,2,3,4,
14. REM and NREM Sleep
15. Sleep Disturbances: Insomnia, Sleepwalking, Nightmares,
Night Terrors
16. Chronic insomnia
17. Stimulus control
18. How might someone end a recurring nightmare?
19. Narcolepsy, Sleep Apnea
20. Calvin Hall and Dreams
21. Freud’s Psychodynamic Dream Theory and wish fulfillment
22. Hobson and McCarley-The Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis
Part 2
23. Mesmer
24. What are the essential elements of hypnotism process?
25. How can hypnotism by useful?
26. Sensory deprivation how is it achieved and what are its purposes?
27. Hypnagogic Waves
Drug Altered Consciousness – Psychoactive Drugs
28. How do drugs affect the Brain?
29. Two types of dependence
30. Drug Tolerance
31. List the pattern of abuse= drug taking behavior
32. List stimulants and depressantschoose 2 of your favorites in each category
and note things you learn
33. Barbiturates do what?
34. Read about alcohol- are you on path to a drinking problem?
AP Outline
Definitions
What is consciousness?
 Sleep
 Stages of REM
 Stages of Non-REM Sleep
 Functions of Sleep
 Dysfunctions of Sleep
 Theories of Sleep
 Dreaming
Variations of Consciousness
 Hypnosis
 Meditation
 Daydreaming
Psychoactive Drug Effects on
consciousness
 Narcotics
 Depressants
 Stimulants
 Hallucinogens
Review items:
Piaget
Erikson
Aggression theory
Visual after image
Functions and Parts of the brainmotor cortex, sensory cortex,
temporal loge, occipital lobe,
parietal lobe
Cerebellum
Limbic System
Reticular Activating System
Parasympathetic Nervous system
Research Methods
Survey
Case Study
Experimentation
Correlation study
Social Psychology
Developmental Psychology
Clinical Psychology
Acuity, Adaptation, Habituation
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McElhaney
Point Loma High
2009-2010
Coon, Dennis. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior (Ninth Edition)
(see page 278)
35. Review Hallucinogens, how do they work on the brain and which are most widely used?
36. Read Psychology in Action
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McElhaney
Point Loma High
2009-2010
Coon, Dennis. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior (Ninth Edition)
A Step Beyond: page 286
Drug Abuse:
Why do people use drugs?
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Curiosity,
Peer pressure to belong
Escape
Feelings of inadequacy…
Best predictor of adolescent drug use and abuse:
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Having friends who use drugs
Parental drug use
Delinquency
Troubled family life
Poor self esteem
Social nonconformity
Stressful life changes
Taking drugs is a symptom of maladjustment- not
necessarily a cause.
Description of adolescents who use drugs:
Maladjusted
Alienated
Impulsive
Emotionally distressed
Anti-social behavior
School failure
Risky sexual behavior
People use drugs to cope with life
Drugs produce immediate feelings of pleasure “Feel good on demand”
Consequences are delayed
This dynamic creates a compulsion to take drugs
Lifestyle problems result from the habit and effects of the drug use
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