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Name: _________________________ Intro to Genetics Matching _____1. Chromosome _____2. Dominant _____3. Recessive _____4. Homozygous _____5. Heterozygous _____6. Allele _____7. Genotype _____8. Phenotype _____9. P1 _____10. F1 _____11. Autosome a. Two of the same genes b. The original homozygous parents c. Any chromosome but the sex chromosomes d. How the genes are expressed in an individual’s physical characteristics. e. Always appears in the phenotype if it is found in the genotype f. Structure found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell; contains genes g. The first generation of offspring h. A form of the gene i. Does not appear in the phenotype if paired with a dominant gene j. Two different genes k. Two letters that indicate an individual’s inherited trait. True/False If the answer is false, change crucial information in the statement to make it true. _____11. Rosalind Franklin discovered jumping genes. _____12. Sex influenced traits are usually autosomal. _____13. Height is both a polygenic and a complex character. _____14. A somatic cell mutation is passed on to offspring. _____15. A substitution mutation almost always leads to a frameshift. _____16. Hemophilia is more common in boys because it is carried on the X chromosome. Fill in the blank Germ cells give rise to ________________________. Which genetic trait provides protection against malaria when the individual is heterozygous? _________________________ Which genetic disorder (that we studied) was caused by a dominant gene? _____________________________ Which genetic disorder arises from XXY? _______________________________ Trisomy 21 is better known as _________________________________ When the environment affects the phenotype (how the genes are expressed), it is called a ___________________________________. Short Answer Explain what trisomies are and how they occur. Why are frameshift mutations potentially devastating? How are polygenic traits and multiple alleles different? List two examples of Sex Influenced traits. How do sex-influenced traits differ from sex-linked traits? CELL DIVISION MATCHING Write the correct letter in the blank space before each numbered term. _____1. spindle fibers _____2. prophase a. the phase of mitosis during which chromosomes move to opposite poles b. the formation of gametes _____3. asexual reproduction c. pulls chromatids to opposite sides of a cell _____4. interphase offspring cells d. the division of an animal cell into two _____5. cytokinesis _____6. anaphase e. the division of the nucleus f. the production of offspring from one parent _____7. mitosis g. the first phase of mitosis _____8. meiosis activities h. the time between cell divisions; normal cell TRUE-FALSE If it is false, change crucial information in the statement to make it true. _____7. Each offspring cell that is produced by mitosis has half as many chromosomes as the original cell had. _____8. Chromatids form while DNA copies itself before cell division. _____9. Binary fission is the division of a prokaryotic cell into two offspring cells. _____10. Two of the 46 human chromosomes are autosomes. MULTIPLE CHOICE 11. If an organism has 12 chromosomes in each body cell, how many chromosomes would you expect to find in the organism’s gametes? a. 4 b. 6 c. 10 d. 12 12. During which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes line up side by side? a. prophase b. telophase I c. metaphase II d. anaphase II 13. The division of the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell is called a. mitosis. b. binary fission. c. cytokinesis. d. cytoplasmic streaming. 14. Spermatogenesis (the formation of sperm) results in a. four haploid cells. c. four diploid cells. b. one haploid cell. d. two sperm cells and two polar bodies. 15. Each offspring cell produced by binary fission (mitosis) contains a. half the chromosomes of the original cell. b. twice as many chromosomes as the original cell had. c. an identical copy of the original cell’s chromosome. d. an independent assortment of the original cell’s chromosomes. 16. Crossing-over results in genetic recombination by a. reducing the original cell’s chromosome number by half. b. randomly separating the maternal and paternal chromosomes. c. mixing half the maternal chromosomes with half the paternal chromosomes. d. permitting the exchange of genetic material between maternal and paternal chromosomes. 17. What structure not found in animal cells forms along the midline of a dividing plant cell? a. cleavage furrow b. chloroplast c. cell plate d. kinetochore SHORT ANSWER 18.a. List two ways that meiosis differs from mitosis. 18.b. Compare the products of mitosis with those of meiosis II. 19. How can sexual reproduction (as opposed to asexual reproduction) be advantageous to the evolution of a species? DRAWING CONCLUSIONS Follow the directions given below. 20. The diagrams below depict stages of cell reproduction. Identify the stages by writing the correct term in each blank. Indicate the correct sequence of the phases by writing a number next to the name of the phase. Then answer the question. g. What type of cell division is depicted here? Explain. Cancer, Etc. 21. T/F Viruses can cause cancer. 22. T/F Benign tumors are harmless. 23. Substances in the environment that may cause cancer by mutating DNA are called ____________________. 24. A gene that causes cancer is called an _______________________ 25. p53 is a _______________________________________________. 26. p53 is also known as the _________________ ___________________ gene. 27. Cancer cells do not have contact ________________________. 28. Cancer cells can break away, also called ___________________________. 29. Explain the role of telomeres in the Hayflick limit and apoptosis. 30. Cancer cells are immortal. Explain what this means and how “immortality” occurs. 31. Explain how mosaicism occurs. 32. Explain how a chimera occurs. Mendel and Punnett Squares MULTIPLE CHOICE Circle the most correct answer. 1. In order to produce a male offspring, an egg must be fertilized by a sperm carrying a(n) a. Y chromosome. c. X chromosome. b. X and a Y chromosome. d. None of the above 2. If the parents of a child have the ABO blood group genotypes AB and oo, what are the possible blood types of the child? a. A or B b. A only c. O d. AB 3. Which of the following genotypes is possible for a person whose ABO blood type is B? a. BB c. AB b. oo d. None of the above DRAWING CONCLUSIONS 4. For this sex-linked pedigree, give the genotypes of the following individuals: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 5. Describe the following conditions as: autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, sexlinked dominant or sex-linked recessive. Huntington’s: ____________________________ Sickle Cell Anemia: _________________________ Hemophilia: ______________________________ Cystic Fibrosis: ___________________________ Red-Green Colorblindness: _________________________ TRUE-FALSE _____6 . Codominance occurs when both alleles for a gene blend in a heterozygous offspring, such as would be seen in pink four o’clock flowers. _____7. It is dangerous when a second-time mother is Rh- and her baby is Rh+ MULTIPLE CHOICE Circle the most correct answer. 8. In a monohybrid cross between a homozygous dominant parent and a homozygous recessive parent, one would predict the offspring to be a. 3:4 homozygous dominant. c. 1:4 homozygous recessive. b. 2:4 heterozygous. d. all heterozygous. 9. In a monohybrid cross between two heterozygous parents, one would expect the offspring to be a. 1 pp : 3 PP. b. 3 Pp : 1 pp. c. 1 PP : 2 Pp : 1 pp. d. all Pp. 10. In guinea pigs, black fur is dominant. A black guinea pig is crossed with a white guinea pig. If the litter contains a white offspring, the genotype of the black-haired parent is probably a. homozygous dominant. c. homozygous recessive. b. heterozygous. d. None of the above. 11. If two parents with dominant phenotypes produce an offspring with a recessive phenotype, then probably a. both parents are heterozygous. c. both parents are homozygous. b. one parent is heterozygous. d. one parent is homozygous. 12. Suppose you have found a new species of plant. Some of the plants have yellow flowers, and some have red flowers. You cross a red-flowering plant with a yellowflowering plant. All of the offspring have orange flowers. Suggest a possible genotype for the offspring. a. RR c. RY b. Rr d. rr 13. The diagram at right represents a Punnett square of a a. dihybrid cross. b. monohybrid cross. c. homozygous 3 homozygous cross. d. dominant 3 recessive cross. 14. Refer again to the diagram above. The genotype of the cell labeled X is a. GGII. b. GgIi. c. ggii. d. GGIi. SHORT ANSWER 15. Distinguish between codominance and incomplete dominance. Give an example of each type of inheritance. DNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS MATCHING Write the correct letter in the blank before each numbered term. _____1. anticodon _____2. codon molecules _____3. deoxyribose _____4. double helix _____5. nucleotides _____6. peptide bond _____7. ribosome _____8. uracil a. site of translation (protein synthesis) b. repeating subunits that make up DNA or RNA c. group of three sequential bases of mRNA d. substitutes for thymine in RNA e. links together amino acids in a protein f. identifies the specific amino acid for tRNA g. sugar found in DNA h. spiral shape of DNA MULTIPLE CHOICE Circle the most correct answer. 9. A large region of DNA that directs the formation of a protein is called a a. promoter. b. nucleotide. c. monomer. d. gene. 10. Which of the following bonds to one specific type of amino acid? a. mRNA b. tRNA c. rRNA d. DNA 11. New mRNA is made through the process of a. duplication. b. transcription. c. translation. d. crystallography. 12. Complementary base pairing links a. amino acids. c. phosphate groups. b. nitrogen-containing bases. d. proteins. 13. A section of one DNA strand has the sequence ACCGAGGTT. What is the sequence of an mRNA transcribed from this section of DNA? a. ACCGAGGUU b. ACCGAGGTT c. TGGCTCCAA d. UGGCUCCAA 14. In the nucleic acid shown at right, the structure labeled X represents a(n) a. nitrogen-containing base. b. deoxyribose molecule. c. amino acid. d. phosphate group. 15. Which type bond will form at the point labeled Yin the figure shown at right? a. peptide bond c. hydrogen bond b. covalent bond d. nitrogen bond 16. Which type of molecule is shown in the diagram at right? a. tRNA b. mRNA c. stop codon d. methionine 17. Name of the enzyme that attaches nucleotides to the complementary sides of a DNA molecule during replication. a. helicase b. DNA polymerase c. RNA polymerase d. ligase 18. How are replication and transcription similar? a. They both use a polymerase to attach free nucleotides. b. Nucleotides are attached to both sides. c. Both processes create an mRNA strand. d. All of the above. 19. codon::mRNA as a. translation::protein synthesis c. anticodon:tRNA b. transcription::tRNA d. ribosome::rRNA 20. The start codon for DNA is ____ ____ ____. SHORT ANSWER 21. Compare the structure of DNA with the structure of RNA. 23. Describe the structure and function of three different types of RNA. 24. What impact does the antiparallel nature of DNA have on replication? Use the terms DNA polymerase, lagging strand and Okasaki fragment 25. Name three scientists attributed with the discovery of the shape of the DNA double helix. 26. Why are genes like the Lac Operon controlled? 24. How does a primary RNA transcript differ from a mature RNA transcript? Use intron and exon in your explanation. This part has not been edited for the H Bio Genetics… ORIGIN OF LIFE (Evolution) MULTIPLE CHOICE Circle the most correct answer. 1. You are determining the age of an organic object using the carbon-14 dating technique and you know that the half-life of carbon-14 is 5,715 years. If only 25 percent of the original amount of carbon-14 is left in the object, approximately how old is the object? a. 57,150 years b. 11,430 years c. 5,715 years d. 1,143 years 2. What did Redi do to disprove spontaneous generation, and how was Pasteur’s experimental design unique? MATCHING Write the correct letter in the blank before each numbered term. _____1. natural selection a. the lowest stratum in a cross section is the oldest b. trace of long-dead organism _____2. acquired trait c. when very different organisms evolve to look alike _____3. d. process in which many related species evolved from a single ancestral species e. is not determined by genes _____4. fossil _____5. law of superposition f. When some reproduce more than others, usually due to favorable traits _____6. convergent evolution g. study of geographical distribution of fossils _____7. adaptive radiation TRUE-FALSE 8. _____ The relative age, but not the absolute age, of a fossil can be inferred using the law of superposition. 9. _____ Homologous structures in living organisms are a clue to common ancestry. MULTIPLE CHOICE 10. Analogous features a. look different and have dissimilar embryological origins. b. look similar but don’t indicate close ancestry (like shark and dolphin fins). c. may look different or similar but have similar embryological origins. d. None of the above 11. The pattern of evolution that is usually a response to different habitats is a. artificial selection. c. divergent evolution. b. coevolution. d. convergent evolution. 12. Which of the following is an acquired human characteristic? a. colorblindness in females c. the presence of a tailbone in humans b. sickle cell anemia d. large muscles from weight lifting 13. The similarity in the body shape of a shark and of a dolphin is an example of a. divergent evolution. c. vestigial structures b. convergent evolution. d. conserved genotype 14. What does the presence of a vestigial structure in a modern organism indicate? a. Natural selection prepares the anatomy of organisms so that in the future the vestigial structure can be used. b. The vestigial structure was not used by the modern organism, so it became nonfunctional within the organism’s lifetime. c. A limited number of genes are expressed during the lifetime of an organism. d. The structure probably was functional in some ancestor of the modern organism. 15. In order to be considered an evolutionarily favorable trait for an organism, a trait must increase the individual’s a. reproductive success c. lifespan. b. health. d. range. SHORT ANSWER 16. Explain Lamarck’s theory of evolution, and tell what he was right about and what he was wrong about. 17. Briefly explain Darwin’s theory of evolution. Be sure to use natural selection in your description. 18. Write everything you know about sickle cell anemia. (What happens if you’re heterozygous? What people are more likely to carry the trait? What kind of selection does it show?)