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What is Biology? The word biology is 1………………………. from the Greek words /bios/ meaning /life/ and /logos/ meaning /study/ and is referred to as the science of life or living matter in all its forms and phenomena, 2………………………. with reference to origin, growth, reproduction, structure, and behaviour. An organism is a living entity 3………………………. one cell e.g. bacteria, or several cells e.g. animals, plants and fungi. Aspects of biological science cover all aspects of living systems from the ecosystem and whole organism level, down to the microscopic world of the cell and its life support mechanisms. There is much overlap 4………………………. biology and other disciplines; for instance, biochemistry and toxicology overlap with biology, chemistry, and medicine; biophysics applies the approaches and methods of physics to study biological systems; social sciences such as geography, philosophy, psychology and sociology can also interact with biology, for example, in administration of biological resources, developmental biology, biogeography, evolutionary psychology and ethics. Pharmacology employs the basic concepts of biology and chemistry to specify how drugs affect the organism, thus it gives a unique perspective 5………………………. understanding of how cells, organ systems, and organisms function. 6………………………. other basic science fields, pharmacology is a special field in which one can systematically examine the mechanism for a biological event-from the molecular level to the whole organism. Last but not 7………………………., pharmacology also enables us to explore how biological systems fail to work, providing information on the 8………………………. of disease. Molecular biology is a branch of science concerning chemical structures and processes of biological phenomena at the molecular level. The field of molecular biology interacts with biology and chemistry and in particular, genetics and biochemistry. A 9………………………. area of molecular biology concerns understanding how various cellular systems interact in terms of the way DNA, RNA and protein synthesis function, mainly dealing with the study of proteins, nucleic acids, and enzymes, and the macromolecules essential to life processes. The specific techniques used in molecular biology are native to the field but may also be combined with methods and concepts drawn from genetics and biochemistry, so there is no 10………………………. distinction made between these disciplines. However, when the fields are considered independently 11………………………. each other, biochemistry deals with chemical materials and essential processes that take place in living organisms. The role, function and structure of biomolecules are key areas of focus among biochemists, as is the chemistry behind biological functions and the production of biomolecules. Molecular biology looks at the molecular mechanisms behind processes such as replication, transcription, translation and cell function. One way to describe the basis of molecular biology is to say it concerns understanding how genes are transcribed into RNA and how RNA is then translated 12………………………. protein. However, this simplified picture is currently being reconsidered and revised due to new discoveries concerning the role of RNA. 1. 7. a) deduced a) least b) derived b) lowest c) different c) the least d) drawn d) the lowest 2. 8. a) additionally a) ethiology b) especially b) ethnology c) particularly c) ethology d) specially d) etiology 3. 9. a) comprising a) key b) connecting b) phenomenal c) consisting c) radical d) constituting d) structural 4. 10. a) among a) large b) between b) little c) from c) sharp d) of d) small 5. 11. a) at a) - b) with b) of c) of c) on d) on d) upon 6. 12. a) Despite of a) inside b) Like b) into c) Thus c) to d) Unlike d) within USEFUL PHRASES cell biology /sel baɪˈɒlədʒi/ cell count /…kaʊnt/ cytologie počet buněk, krevní obraz full blood cell count /fʊl blʌd…/ úplný krevní obraz viable cell count /ˈvaɪəb(ə)l…/ počet životaschopných buněk cell cycle buněčný cyklus cell culture /…ˈkʌltʃə(r)/ buněčná kultura cell cycle data /…ˈsaɪk(ə)lˈdeɪtə/ údaje o buněčném cyklu cell cycle dependence /…dɪˈpendəns/ závislost na buněčném cyklu cell cycle kinetics /…kaɪˈnetɪks/ kinetika buněčného cyklu cell cycle length /…leŋθ/ délka buněčného cyklu cell cycle phase /…feɪz/ fáze buněčného cyklu cell cycle progression /…prəʊˈɡreʃ(ə)n/ progrese buněčného cyklu incubation of cell cultures /ˌɪŋkjʊˈbeɪʃ(ə)n…/ inkubace buněčných kultur cell migration /…maɪˈɡreɪʃ(ə)n/ pohyb buněk cell survival /…sə(r)ˈvaɪv(ə)l/ přežívání buněk low-molecular weight organic molecules nízkomolekulární organické sloučeniny molecular change /məˈlekjʊlə(r) tʃeɪndʒ/ molekulární změna molecular density /…ˈdensəti/ molekulární hustota molecular diagnostics /…ˌdaɪəɡˈnɒstɪks/ molekulární diagnostika molecular diameter průměr molekuly /…daɪˈæmɪtə(r)/ molecular discriminatory tests …/dɪˈskrɪmɪnət(ə)ri…/ molekulárních diskriminačních testy molecular formula /…ˈfɔː(r)mjələ/ empirický vzorec molecular fragments /…ˈfræɡmənts/ molekulární fragmenty molecular imaging /…ˈɪmɪdʒɪŋ/ molekulární zobrazování molecular mechanisms of resistance /…ˈmekəˌnɪz(ə)ms…rɪˈzɪst(ə)ns/ buněčné mechanismy rezistence molecular research /…rɪˈsɜː(r)tʃ/ or /…ˈriːsɜː(r)tʃ/ molekulárního výzkum molecular response /…rɪˈspɒns/ molekulární odpověď molecular structure /…ˈstrʌktʃə(r)/ molekulární struktura molecular testing /…ˈtestɪŋ/ molekulárním testování molecular typing /…ˈtaɪpɪŋ/ molekulární typizace molecular weight /…weɪt/ molekulární hmotnost normal cell cycle time/length(s) normální délka buněčného cyklu perturbation of the cell cycle /…ˌpɜːtəˈbeɪʃən/ rozrušení buněčného cyklu Building vocabulary. Choose the correct meaning of the following expressions. ENTITY (noun) Meaning: a) a dependent unit that is complete and has its own character b) a separate unit that is complete and has its own character c) an idea, problem, situation etc. that you discuss or write about d) the state of being separated from other people TRANSCRIPTION (noun) Meaning: a) the process by which a mature mRNA molecule is used as a template for synthesizing a new protein b) the process by which genetic information on a strand of DNA is used to synthesize a strand of complementary RNA c) the process of genetic transmission of traits from parents to offspring INTERACT (verb) a) give rise to b) to effect c) to act on or in close relation with each other d) to exchange things such as ideas or information DISTINCTION (noun) a) a difference between two things b) the origin of something c) the process by which the cells in plants and animals divide to form new cells d) the process of separating people or things into smaller groups or parts KEY (adjective) a) helpful for doing or achieving something b) not needed c) very important d) working correctly and having the right effect PHENOMENON (noun) a) a mark on something used for measuring, for example one of the marks showing the temperature on a thermometer b) a time when someone is affected by an illness or a medical condition c) an event or situation that can be seen to happen or exist d) one of several parts of an interesting or exciting situation CONCEPT (noun) a) a belief or attitude that someone uses for dealing with life in general b) the moment when a woman or female animal becomes pregnant after sex c) an abstract idea of something that exists d) one of the major ideas or theories that a system of beliefs is based on, for example in religion or politics REVISE a) to change a decision because you realize that you are wrong b) to change your opinion or judgment of someone or something c) to state formally that you no longer believe in something or support something d) to stop liking or supporting someone or something and to start opposing them Word formation. Form the correct word form and fill in the gaps. Then translate the sentences into Czech. Its .......................... or tissue part must contain viable cells or tissues. (cell) __________________________________________________________________________________ The tests confirm the .......................... of a brain tumour. (exist) __________________________________________________________________________________ He said that, .........................., the system works. (essence) __________________________________________________________________________________ Erythropoietin is a .......................... factor that primarily stimulates red blood cell production. (grow) __________________________________________________________________________________ The statistical evaluation and the methods .......................... should be reported. (employee) __________________________________________________________________________________ Permitted limit means maximum residue limit, maximum level or other maximum tolerance for substances established .......................... in Community legislation. (else) __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ In patients with chronic renal failure the medicinal product has to be .......................... intravenously. (administration) __________________________________________________________________________________ Sequence data, whether from proteins or .......................... acids, are well suited to computer processing because they are easily digitized and broken down into their constituent units. (nucleus) __________________________________________________________________________________ The right word. Complete the sentences with a suitable word. The same form of the word must fit all three sentences! 1. __________________________ For new-born babies, ......................... blankets (the ones the hospital uses) are the best. The first ......................... telephone for commercial use was approved by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in 1983. ......................... rubber is used for jobs involving coating, filling, protection, sealing, packaging, sound/shock absorption and cold/thermal insulation. 2. __________________________ Russia is crucial to ensuring stability in all areas of mutual and ......................... interest. To prevent light from getting through try ......................... curtains. In old houses the roofs are broken down into a great number of ......................... roofs, one shading the other, among which the air can circulate. 3. __________________________ The problem needs to be looked at from a historical .......................... The figures in the foreground are badly out of .......................... My son studies .......................... geometry at Stanford University. 4. __________________________ Most people who try to lose weight ......................... dismally. The government will ......................... in its duty to protect people. Words ......................... me. 5. __________________________ One ......................... of Jane’s family lives in San Francisco. The company has been transformed root and ......................... by the new management. Mechanics is a ......................... of physics. 6. __________________________ ......................... food has more of the antioxidant compounds linked to better health than regular food, and lower levels of toxic metals and pesticides. Requirements for ......................... fertilisers and soil improvers are very strict. Medical Science classifies diseases into two general groups, functional and .......................... 7. __________________________ We are entering a period of rapid population .......................... Doctors fear that these medicines may stunt your .......................... He had several weeks’ ......................... of beard. Listening. Listen and complete the gaps with the words you hear. DNA TRANSCRIPTION https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SMtWvDbfHLo&index=2&list=PL72461B60C870CBC4 The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology: "DNA makes RNA makes protein". Here the process begins. Transcription factors 1…………………………….. at a specific promoter region along the DNA. The length of DNA following the promoter is a gene and it contains the 2……………………………. for a protein. A mediator protein complex arrives carrying the enzyme RNA polymerase. It 3……………………………. the RNA polymerase into place inserting it with the help of other factors between the 4……………………………. of the DNA double helix. The assembled collection of all these factors is referred to as the transcription 5……………………………. complex and now it is ready to be activated. The initiation complex requires contact with activator proteins, which 6……………………………. to specific sequences of DNA known as 7……………………………. regions. These regions may be thousands of base pairs distant from the start of the gene. Contact between the activator proteins and the initiationcomplex releases the copying mechanism. The RNA polymerase 8……………………………. a small portion of the DNA helix exposing the bases on each strand. Only one of the strands is copied. It acts as a 9……………………………. for the synthesis of an RNA molecule which is assembled one sub-unit at a time by matching the DNA letter 10……………………………. on the template strand. The sub-units can be seen here entering the enzyme through its 11……………………………. hole and they are joined together to form the long messenger RNA chain 12…………………………….. out of the top. Listening. Watch the video and answer the questions below the transcription. mRNA TRANSLATION https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TfYf_rPWUdY&index=3&list=PL72461B60C870CBC4 The job of this mRNA is to carry the genes message from the DNA out of the nucleus to a ribosome for production of the particular protein that this gene codes for. There can be several million ribosomes in a typical eukaryotic cell. These complex catalytic machines use the mRNA copy of the genetic information to assemble amino acid building blocks into the three dimensional proteins that are essential for life. Let’s see how it works. The ribosome is composed of one large and one small sub-unit that assemble around the messenger RNA, which then passes through the ribosome like a computer tape. The amino acid building blocks (that's the small glowing red molecules) are carried into the ribosome attached to specific transfer RNAs. That's the larger green molecules also referred to as tRNA. The small sub-unit of the ribosome positions the mRNA so that it can be read in groups of three letters known as a codon. Each codon on the mRNA matches a corresponding anti-codon on the base of a transfer RNA molecule. The larger sub-unit of the ribosome removes each amino acid and joins it onto the growing protein chain. As the mRNA is ratcheted through the ribosome, the mRNA sequence is translated into an amino acid sequence. There are three locations inside the ribosome, designated the A-site, the P-site and the E-site. The addition of each amino acid is a three step cycle: first, the tRNA enters the ribosome at the A-site and is tested for a codon/anti-codon match with the mRNA. Next, provided there is a correct match, the tRNA is shifted to the P-site and the amino acid it carries is added to the end of the amino acid chain. The mRNA is also ratcheted on three nucleotides or one codon. Thirdly, the spent tRNA is moved to the E-site and then ejected from the ribosome to be recycled. As the protein synthesis proceeds, the finished chain emerges from the ribosome. It folds up into a precise shape, determined by the exact order of amino acids. Thus the Central Dogma explains how the four-letter DNA code is - quite literally - turned into flesh and blood. What is the job of the mRNA? __________________________________________________________________________________ What is the ribosome composed of? __________________________________________________________________________________ Where are the amino acid building blocks carried? __________________________________________________________________________________ What is a codon? __________________________________________________________________________________ What does the abbreviation tRNA stand for? __________________________________________________________________________________ Anti-codon is part of what? __________________________________________________________________________________ How are the three locations inside the ribosome called? __________________________________________________________________________________ What happens in each of the three places? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ BASE – What is the meaning in these sentences? The pituitary gland is at the base of the brain. ___________ Hikers find this a convenient base for their mountain expeditions. ___________ The report will give us a base for building a better healthcare system. ___________ A base is a substance that can accept a hydrogen ion (H+) from another substance. ___________ The nitrogenous base is the part of the nucleotide that carries genetic information. ___________ Vocabulary amino acid (n) /əˌmiːnəʊ ˈæsɪd/ aminokyselina anti-codon (n) /ˌæn tiˈkoʊ dɒn, ˌæn taɪ-/ antikodon assemble (v) /əˈsemb(ə)l/ shromáždit, sestavit base (n) /beɪs/ báze coat (v) /ˈkəʊt/ natírat, potahovat codon (n) /ˈkəʊdɒn/ kodon/triplet designate (v) /ˈdezɪɡneɪt/ označit digitize (v) /ˈdɪdʒɪtaɪz/ digitalizovat elsewhere (adv) /elsˈweə(r)/ jinde emerge from (v) /ɪˈmɜː(r)dʒ/ vymanit se z, odpojit se enhancer (n) /enˈhæn sər, -ˈhɑn-/ enhancer (zesilovač) erythropoietin (n) /ɪˌrɪθ roʊˈpɔɪ ɪ tn, -pɔɪˈit n/ erythropoetin fertilizer (n) /ˈfɜː(r)təlaɪzə(r)/ hnojivo helix (n) /ˈhiːlɪks/ šroubovice hole (n) /həʊl/ otvor insulation (n) /ˌɪnsjʊˈleɪʃ(ə)n/ izolace machine (n) /məˈʃiːn/ ústrojí manoeuvre (v) /məˈnuːvə(r)/ přivést (na místo) match (n) /mætʃ/ spojení, kombinace, shoda mediator (n) /ˈmi diˌeɪtər/ mediátor messenger RNA (mRNA) /ˈmes(ə)ndʒə(r) ˌɑːr en ˈeɪ/ informační /mediátorová RNA nucleotide (n) /ˈnjuːklɪəˌtaɪd/ nukleotid ratchet (v) /ˈrætʃɪt/ posouvat recipe for (n) /ˈresəpi.../ prostředek k dosažení renal failure (phr) /ˈriːn(ə)l ˈfeɪljə(r)/ selhání ledvin ribosome (n) /ˈraɪbəˌsəʊm/ ribozom root and branch (phr) /ruːt ənd / úplně, od základu seal (v) /siːl/ uzavřít, utěsnit shade (v) /ʃeɪd/ stínit, clonit shift (v) /ʃɪft/ snake out (n) /sneɪk aʊt/ vyplétat soil improver (phr) /sɔɪl ɪmˈpruːvə(r)/ půdní přídavek strand (n) /strænd/ řetězec (DNA) přesunout, posunout, přemístit stunt (v) /stʌnt/ zbrzdit, zpomalit template (n) /ˈtemˌpleɪt/ or /ˈtemplət/ templát transcription (n) /trænˈskrɪpʃ(ə)n/ transkripce (přepis) transfer RNA (tRNA) /trænsˈfɜː(r) ˌɑːr en ˈeɪ/ transferová RNA translation (n) /trænsˈleɪʃ(ə)n/ translace triplet (n) /ˈtrɪplət/ trojice turn into flesh and blood (phr.) proměnit v člověka z masa a kostí unzip (v) /ʌnˈzɪp/ rozplétat viable (adj) /ˈvaɪəb(ə)l/ životaschopný